• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제12권8호
• /
• pp.329-335
• /
• 2014

협력 필터링은 상업적 추천 시스템에서 널리 사용되어 왔는데, 고객의 사회적 행태를 구현하여 사용자의 흥미에 부합하는 항목들을 제안하기 때문이다. 현재까지 적절한 항목을 추천하기 위한 가장 보편적인 방법은 유사한 사용자들을 찾아 그들의 평가치를 참조하는 방법이다. 본 논문은 영화를 추천하기 위해서 장르 흥미도를 기반으로 하는 새로운 유사도 공식을 제안하는데, 이는 기존 공식에서 사용자들의 평가등급 차이를 기반으로 하는 것과 대비된다. 광범위한 실험 결과에 따르면, 제안한 공식은 정확도와 추천의 질에 있어서 전통적인 유사도 공식의 성능을 크게 향상시키는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제55권
• /
• pp.3-32
• /
• 2012

CISG article 74 establishes the general formula applicable in all cases where an aggrieved party is entitled to recover damages. It provides that damages for breach of contract comprise all losses, including loss of profits, caused by the breach, to the extent that these losses were foreseeable by the breaching party at the time the contract was concluded. An aggrieved party may claim under article 74 even if entitled to claim under article 75 or 76. The latter articles explicitly provide that an aggrieved party may recover additional damages under article 74. Articles 75 and 76 apply only in cases where the contract has been avoided. Article 75 measures damages concretely by reference to the price in a substitute transactions, while article 76 measures damages abstractly by reference to the current market price. Article 76 (1) provides that an aggrieved party may not calculate damages under article 76 if it has concluded a substitute transaction under article 75. If however, an aggrieved party concludes a substitute transaction for less than the contract quantity, both articles 75 and 76 may apply. Pursuant to article 77, damages recoverable under articles 74, 75 or 76 are reduced if it is established that the aggrieved party failed to mitigate losses. The reduction is the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. Article 78 entitles a party to interest on the price and any other sum that is in arrears.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제77권
• /
• pp.215-237
• /
• 2018

This study closely examines domestic supplementary measures implemented for Free Trade Agreements (FTA) concerning the agriculture and livestock industry and finds out their problems and put forward improvement measures in terms of their system and contents. The systematic problems with previously established supplementary measures are as follows. First, the existing short and long term measures does not comply with each FTA's special and unique economical, political and legislative purpose. Secondly, they focus on improvements for individual FTAs. They must be holistic and integrative considering all FTAs, thus producing synergy to reach better policy overall. Lastly, FTA policies and the measures must reflect the expanding size and scope of regional economic integration. Problems or concerns in existing supplementary measures include first, flexible financing. The government hands out loans to players in the industry based on assets but these loans must be flexible to market interest changes and must include reduced mortgage rate options. Secondly, rigid standards that trigger direct loss prevention, establishing maximum and minimum loan limits, and developing a comprehensive standard for identifying crops to support are all problems that need to be addressed. Thirdly, education of next and future agricultural generation is paramount in building a competitive workforce. Fourthly, the government must identify industries lacking in performance or short in supply to cease or reducing funding. Last but not least, the government should actively search for new markets for export and produce long term road maps for export growth.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 2024

원가초과의 억제는 건설기업의 수익성 확보를 위해 매우 중요한 현안이다. 특히 원자재 가격 상승, 고금리 정책에 따른 금융비용 상승 등과 같이 원가 상승 압박이 큰 상황에서 실패비용 발생으로 인한 원가초과는 건설기업의 수익성에 매우 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구의 목적은 IPA기법을 활용하여 건설기업이 현장에서 채택하고 있는 원가초과 억제 방안의 현황을 분석하고 주요 특징 및 시사점을 제시하는 데 있다. IPA 분석 결과, 종합건설사 실무자들은 원가초과에 대한 관심과 노력 수준은 높지만 그 성과는 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대체적으로 원가초과를 억제하기 위해 중요하다고 생각하는 방안은 실행도 또한 높은 경향을 보이고 있었다. 중요도가 높지만 실행도가 낮게 나타나는 원가초과 억제 방안은 주로 협력 및 의사소통 부문에 속해있으며 원가초과의 억제를 위해서는 감리자/CM, 본사, 인허가 기관과의 협력 및 의사소통을 강화하는 것이 가장 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 건설기업의 원가초과 억제 방안에 대한 현황과 개선점을 파악할 수 있으며, 이는 향후 원가초과 억제 전략 마련을 위한 방향성과 개선사항을 도출하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있다.

• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.278-286
• /
• 2001

With the aging of society a great deal of interest is being placed on the value of longitudinal data in evaluating physiological losses. We present data on test-one/test-two reliability and reproducibility for measures of training, bone density from a longitudinal study of master athletes. Fifty-two males (mean age at test $1=58.2{\pm}9.8\;years$) and thirty-two females ($54.4{\pm}8.8\;years$) were selected from the study population. Bone mineral density was determined using DEXA (Hologic 1500). The characteristics of the subjects are presented below as $means\;{\pm}\;S.D$. The data was imported into the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS 9.0, Chicago, IL). Paired t-tests were performed between visit 1 and visit 2 in subjects. Pearson correlations were performed. The results of this study indicate the measures of training history, body mass and bone density are reasonably stable and reproducible. We conclude that body composition and bone density parameters are stable and reproducible over time in active older subjects. Physiologic measures in master athletes are fairly stable, and reproducible over time Longitudinal studies investigating age-related changes in master athletes need to be conducted on a time schedule of greater than two years.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제52권
• /
• pp.25-44
• /
• 2011

Possibility of credit risk, foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk of exporter increases in the recent international Commercial transactions, due to financial crisis of Europe and liberalization of Middle East. Under this circumstance, Forfaiting is trade finance that forfaiter purchase negotiable debt instrument without recourse from exporter, which occurred related with international commercial transactions, and credit risk, contingency risk, foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk of exporter can be transferred to forfaiter. Forfaiting is typically medium-term finance(three to five years) concluded at fixed interest rate, although it can also arranged on a floating interest-bearing basis for periods from six months to ten years or more. But Forfaiting service of Korea has limitation as follows. First, forfaiting in Korea deals with unrestricted irrevocable documentary credit as debt instruments. Period that forfaiting is provided is short and amount of money is limited, compared with advanced forfaiting. But forfaiting provided in advanced countries deals with various methods such as guarantee for bill, payment guarantee, and can be resold in financial market. Recently importance of forfaiting is increasing in international commercial transactions. Therefore profound study on forfaiting is required. The study will examine the risk that happens to the concerned parties in forfaiting, and its management measures. The study adopted literature review method such as local and foreign books and papers about trade finance, internet information about forfaiting, and professional journal related with international finance.

• 한국경영과학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.27-44
• /
• 2000

In this study we consider a spares provisioning problem for repairable items in which a parts inventory system is incorporated. If a machine fails, a replacement part must be obtained at the parts inventory system before the failed machine enters the repair center. The inventory policy adopted at the parts inventory system is the (S, Q) policy. Operating times of the machine before failure, ordering lead times and repair times are assumed to follow a two-stage Coxian distribution. For this system, we develop an approximation method to obtain the performance measures such as steady state probabilities of the number of machines at each station and the probability that a part will wait at the parts inventory system. For the analysis of the proposed system, we model the system as a closed queueing network and analyze it using a product-form approximation method. A recursive technique as well as an iterative procedure is used to analyze the sub-network. Numerical tests show that the approximation method provides fairly good estimation of the performance measures of interest.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.2382-2386
• /
• 2008

Due to the reduction of greenhouse gases and a sharp increase in the energy prices the world over, there is a growing interest in the railroad transport. In particular, in the case of containers which are the major item of railroad transport, a need for the switchover from the road transport to the railroad transport is being suggested, however, it is understood that the extent of the switchover occurring is only marginal. There exist many causes that account for the marginal extent of the switchover to the railroad transport. Some of them have to be dealt with at the policy level and efforts are needed to make it more efficient to use the railroad than other means of transport by improving railroad logistics facilities. Thus, the present study seeks to examine the possible measures for improving the railroad logistics facilities to promote the railroad transport.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국경영과학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
• /
• pp.8-12
• /
• 2004

In this study we consider a CONWIP system in which the processing times at each station follow a Coxian distribution and the demands for the finished products arrive according to a compound Poisson process. The demands that are not satisfied are backordered according to the number of demands that exist at their arrival instants. For this system we develop an approximation method to calculate order based performance measures such as the mean time of fulfilling a customer order and the mean number o: customer orders. For the analysis of the proposed CONWIP system, we model the CONWIP system as a closed queueing network with a synchronization station and analyze the closed queueing network using a product form approximation method. Numerical tests show that the approximation method provides fairly good estimation of the performance measures of interest.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.1083-1090
• /
• 2016

In clinical studies, different types of outcomes (e.g. repeated measures data and time-to-event data) for the same subject tend to be observed, and these data can be correlated. For example, a response variable of interest can be measured repeatedly over time on the same subject and at the same time, an event time representing a terminating event is also obtained. Joint modelling using a shared random effect is useful for analyzing these data. Inferences based on marginal likelihood may involve the evaluation of analytically intractable integrations over the random-effect distributions. In this paper we propose a joint HGLM approach for analyzing such outcomes using the HGLM (hierarchical generalized linear model) method based on h-likelihood (i.e. hierarchical likelihood), which avoids these integration itself. The proposed method has been demonstrated using various numerical studies.