• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.33-46
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• 2012

The purpose of this study lies on reinterpreting the geography books in Joseon dynasty as records of the cities and consequently suggesting directions for further urban research. Geography books of Joseon dynasty are valuable references to understand the national policy, and imply that the focus of the contents is on the system. Especially, military system is an important concept to understand city type in that period, relationships between cities, selection of location, etc. The results of review are as following: First, military system is not a permanent fixture and therefore reflects changes in urban policies along with the history. The system suggests valuable clues on urban development as it is state-run, and closely associated with national land development. Second, counties and prefectures under jurisdiction of district called Eupchi(邑治) had cities as important as or even more important than local government such as Yeong-a(營衙), Jinbo(鎭堡), Yeok(驛: administrative cities). Such special regions need to be studied as other type of cities in Joseon dynasty by defining their architectural characteristics and roles. Third, the relationship of cities such as Eupch, Yeong-a, and Jinbo, was reorganized according to the local military system. Eupchi, administrative city, along with Yeong-a and Jinbo evolved into a military city as it became systematically organized. The characteristics of Yeok needs to be reconsidered in the context of such new inter-city relationship. Fourth, considerations which should be reviewed in the geography based on this concept can be mainly classified into architecture and landscape. This will also lay the foundation, and suggest new directions for further research for Eupchi, Yeong-a, Jinbo, and Yeok. Fifth, description of the geography looks simple at first sight, but with thorough understating on the system, there are chances to interpret objective reasoning of position and landscape in the overall flow of region, area, etc. Bongsu(烽燧), signal-fire, can be an object of comparison with geographical features and position. Furthermore, advantageous position is a historical and geographical element showing the major context of the region.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.596-602
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of major components and bioactivities of tea produce. The tea produce were made by various methods, with different degree of fermentation during manufacturing process. Except green tea, degrees of fermentation in Wizo Tea, Ilsoae Tea, and Hwang Tea were $5{\sim}10%,\;50{\sim}60%$ and $70{\sim}80%$ respectively. The result are as follows : The general component(moisture, crude ash, crude lipid, and crude protein) and the content of total polyphenol in tea products were not shown significant difference during the fermentation process. The content of caffeine in tea extracts decreased sharply as degree of fermentation of tea. In comparison of hunter values in tea extract, lightness was decreased as fermentation redness (a) was all (-), and yellowness(b) was increased sharpy with degree of fermentation. Radical scavenging activity using DPPH of tow kinds of tea was potent and decreased generally with degree of feimentation. Inhibitory effects of tea extracts against angiotensin I converting enzyme were also potent.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.1039-1050
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• 2014

The goal of this study is to demonstrate the diversity of model performance for various climatic elements and indicators. We evaluated the skills of the most advanced 17 General Circulation Models (GCMs) i.e., CMIP5 (Climate Model Inter-comparison project, phase 5) climate models in reproducing retrospective climatology from 1950 to 2000 over the Southeast US for the key climatic elements important in the hydrological and agricultural perspectives (i.e., precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, and wind speed). The biases of raw CMIP5 GCMs were estimated for 16 different climatic indicators that imply mean climatology, temporal variability, extreme frequency, etc. using a grid-based observational dataset as reference. Based on the error (RMSE) and correlation (R) of GCM outputs, the error-based GCM ranks were assigned on average over the indicators. Overall, the GCMs showed much better accuracy in representing mean climatology of temperature comparing to other elements whereas few GCM showed acceptable skills for precipitation. It was also found that the model skills and ranks would be substantially different by the climatic elements, error statistics applied for evaluation, and indicators as well. This study presents significance of GCM uncertainty and the needs of considering rational strategies for climate model evaluation and selection.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-121
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• 2006

Inter-Korean exchanges using civil aviation has been continuing since the temporary direct air route from Pyongyang to Seoul was opened on June 15th, 2000 for the summit meeting with North Korea. In this paper, I analyze the North Korea Aviation law by focusing on the differences with South Korean Aviation law. While South Korean Aviation law is modeled on the Pandect system, North Korean Aviation law can only be understood by looking at North Korea's socialist ideology. Therefore, North Korean Aviation law has some expressions which can hardly be understood. With respect to the source of aviation law, both South and North Korea are in compliance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Signed at Chicago, on 7 December, 1944). Thus, they established the aviation law based on the standards and recommendations provided by ICAO. For this reason, they have similar legal systems and composition. From this analysis, a few differences are also derived regarding aircraft ownership, airports, airline liability, aircraft accident investigation organization and aviation insurance. It is important to note that this paper has a particular limitation. Not only is the information about North Korean law very limited, but North Korea also does not provide easy access to its national legal codes. This paper describes the legal comparison of South and North Korea by focusing on the formation and framework of North Korean aviation law.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.883-890
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• 2014

The purpose of thesis was to examine an effect of physical activities with peer competence for children. In this study, 44 children in the age of 5 in 2nd Kindergarten located in K city, Chungnam. The subjects were 22 children(11 boys and 10 girls) in A Kindergarten are selected in order to conduct physical activities based on cooperation and 22 children(10 boys and 11 girls) in B Kindergarten as a comparison group to implement individual-oriented physical activities. We applied the program in the total of 20 times at 30 minutes each time, and 2 times in each session for a total of 10 weeks. For peer competence tests, a measure for peer competence is used, which is developed for children. The results are as followed. firstly, the physical activity programs developed in the study on peer competence of five-year old children. secondly, Secondly, the activities improved every sub-factors of the peer competence such as sociability, pro-sociability, proactive. In addition, the study suggests a theoretical basis that can be used as practical measures of physical activity in the children. In addition, the physical activities in peer competence could build good inter-personal relationship through active interaction among the infants and lead positive impact on the development of their sociality.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1997

The purpose of thesis is to analyze the radiation characteristics of an offset gregorian antenna in order to design the satellite-loaded antenna. In order to compute the radiation pattern of the sub-reflector, the reflected wave is obtained by GO(Geometric Optics) at an arbitrary shaped sub-reflector. Then the total radiation EM wave is obtained by summing the diffracted fields obtained by UTD(Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction) and the GO fields. In order to calculate the far field radiation pattern of the main reflector, the radiation integral equation is derived from the induced current density on reflector surface using PO(Physical Optics). The kernel is expanded in terms of Jacobi-Bessel series for increasing the computational efficiency, then the modified radiation integral is represented as the double integral equation independent of observation points. When the incident fields are assumed to be x-or y-polarized field, the characteristics of radiation patterns in the gregorian antenna is analyzed in case of the main reflector having the focal length of 62.4$\lambda$, diameter of 100$\lambda$, and offset height of 75$\lambda$, and the sub-reflector having the eccentricity of 0.501, the inter focal length og 32.8$\lambda$, the horn axis angle of $9^{\circ}$ and the half aperture angle of $15.89^{\circ}$. The cross-polarized level and side lobe level in the offset geogorian reflector are reduced by 30dB and 10dB, respectively, in comparison with those of the offset parabolic antenna.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2001

Inter-port competition is fiercer than in the past because of technological evolution in transport systems : the increasing side of containerships implies only a few calls in three or four ports at each end of the trade and the rest of the traffic being served by smaller feederships. It is therefore essential for big ports to be selected as one of these calls by the main shipowners, consortia and alliances to avoid rmarginalisation. In order to compete effectively, many ports have been obliged to modernise and extend considerably its existing ports or to build new port facilities. With the advent of major environmental legislation around the world, however, amenities such as fish and wildlife, clean air and water, access to the waterfront, and view protection took on greater importance. Ports are now being forced to incorporate environmental considerations into their planning and management functions in order to avoid additional costs or timing delays. The aim of this paper is to analyse the port value by which port comparison(or selection) will be made with HFP(Hierarchical Fuzzy Process) method. This was done by extracting and grouping the evaluation factors of port value by port experts : facility and location factor, logistics service factor environment and amenity factor, city and economic factor, and human and system factor. For empirical test of this method, 6 major ports in Northeast Asia were chosen and analysed. The order of importance for five evaluation factors were 1) facility and location factor 2) logistics service factor 3) human and system factor, 4) city and economic factor, and 5) environment and amenity factor. This means that geographical location and logistics services are still being considered as the most important factor to call the port by port users. even though environment and amenity factor shows relatively low figure. Among 6 major ports, Port of Kobe was ranked the first position in a comprehensive evaluation, while Ports of Busan and Kwangyang were 4th and 5th respectively. This implies that Port of Busan should make much efforts to enhance the existing facilities as well as management system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2001

Objective : To determine the clinical risk factors associated with the mode of delivery decision and to compare cesarean section rates after adjusting for risk factors identified among Korean hospitals. Methods Data were collected from 9 general hospitals in two provincial regions by medical record abstraction during February 2000. A total of 3,467 cases were enrolled and analyzed by stepwise logistic regression. Performance of the risk-adjustment model (discrimination and calibration) was evaluated by the C statistic and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Crude rates, predicted rates with 95% confidence intervals, and adjusted rates of cesarean section were calculated and compared among the hospitals. Results : The average crude cesarean section rate was 53.2%, ranging from 39.4% to 65.7%. Several risk factors such as maternal age, previous history of cesarean section, placenta previa, placental abruption, malpresentation, amniotic fluid abnormality, gestational anemia, infant body weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and chorioamnionitis were found to have statistically significant effects on the mode of delivery. It was confirmed that information about most of these risk factors was able to be collected through the national health insurance claims database in Korea. Performance of the risk-adjustment model was good (c statistic=0.815, Hosmer-Lemeshow test=0.0621). Risk factor adjustment did lead to some change in the rank of hospital cesarean section rates. The crude rates of three hospitals were beyond 95% confidence intervals of the predicted rates. Conclusions : Considering that cesarean section rates in Korean hospitals are too high, it is apparent that some policy interventions need to be introduced. The concept and methodology of risk adjustment should be used in the process of health policy development to lower the cesarean section rate in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.576-584
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• 2017

Traffic demand prediction result is a primary factor for decision making such as the traffic planning and operation. The existing traffic demand prediction 4-step model only covers the trip between the origin and the destination, and not the demand followed by the accessibility improvement, due to the characteristic of this model. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to improve the limitations of the existing model by developing the inter-city trip generation and trip distribution model with more accessibility. After calculating of the trip generation and trip distribution model with more accessibility, the sign of the accessibility coefficient was positive. Commuting was the most insensitive indicator, affected by external factors among the other trip purposes. The leisure trip was the most sensitive, affected by the trip fee. According to the result of comparison with each of estimated model and observational data, it was certain that the reliability and assumption of the model have been improved by discovering the reduced weighted average error rate, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and total error through the model with more accessibility compared with the existing one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 2016

This study was carried out to develop an optimized analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applied to canthaxanthin, which is not yet designated as a food colorant in Korea, as well as to perform validation and uncertainty evaluation of this method. Official methods of AOAC, UK, and Japan with HPLC-UV detection were evaluated for the analysis of canthaxanthin by comparison of linearity, resolution, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, recovery, inter-laboratory tests, and uncertainty measurement. The calibration curves showed high linearity with an $R_2$ value of over 0.999 for canthaxanthin standard solutions in all three official methods. The official method of Japan exhibited the best results in terms of resolution and selectivity, including the lowest LOD and LOQ. The average coefficients of variation were calculated as less than five of three institutes with a precision value less than 1, accuracy near 100%, and recovery ratio between $100{\pm}10%$. The expanded uncertainty for canthaxanthin was estimated to be $39.5{\pm}5.29mg/kg$ (95% confidence level, k=2), and the uncertainty of measurement was 13.4%. In this study, official methods of canthaxanthin were compared and the validities verified. The results will be further applied to establish an authorized analytical method for canthaxanthin in Korea.