• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23.1-23.16
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• 2023

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder (FBD). Objectives: To assess the therapeutic effects of paeoniflorin (PF) on IBS in rats. Method: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal, model, positive drug, low-dose PF, medium-dose PF and high-dose PF groups (n = 10). After gavage for 2 consecutive weeks, the effect of PF on abdominal pain symptoms was assessed based on the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score, fecal water content and pathological changes in colon tissues. D-lactate, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB) p65 was detected by Western blotting. The abundance and diversity changes of intestinal flora were explored using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Result: In PF groups, the mucosal morphology of colon tissues was intact, and the glands were arranged neatly and structured clearly, without obvious inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the model group, PF groups had significantly elevated pain threshold, and mRNA and protein levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, decreased AWR score at 20 mmHg pressure, fecal water content, mRNA levels of IL-1β, TGF-β, and TNF-α, protein level of p-NF-κB p65 and level of serum D-lactate, and reduced levels of serum IL-1β, TGF-β, and TNF-α (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). PF groups had higher abundance of Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Alistipes, and Bacteroides, but lower abundance of Desulfovibrio, Parasutterella, and Enterococcus than those of the model group. Conclusions: PF exerts therapeutic effects on IBS in rats probably by regulating the intestinal flora, and then up-regulating the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in colon tissue while down-regulating the levels of IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, D-lactate and p-NF-κB p65.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.828-836
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• 1994

A low level exposure experiment was conducted on growing rats to investigate the accumulation and organ distribution of protein bound cadmium compared with cadmium chloride. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 21days with one of the semisynthetic diets, which contains cadmium as either bovine liver- or kidney meal bound cadmium, cadmium chloride with uncontaminated liver meal or cadmium chloride without organ meal, in the levels of ca. 0.5, 1 and 1.5mg/kg diet, respectively. After 21days of exposure cadmium was accumulated in liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tracts depending upon cadmium levels in diet. Inspite of very low cadmium accumulation in whole blood, it tends also to increase with dietary cadmium levels. The blood cadmium concentration of animals fed organ meal containing diets was about 4-7 fold higher than that without organ meal, regardless of cadmium was intrinsically bound to protein or not. However, significant effects of organ protein on cadmium accumulation in liver, kidney and digestive tracts were not detectable, when cadmium was supplemented as cadmium chloride. On the other hands, animals fed diet containing ca. 1.5mg Cd/kg as organ bound cadmium retained more cadmium in liver, kidney and digestive tracts compared to cadmium chloride with organ meal, whereby the increase of cadmium concentration in kidney was greater then in liver. However, when the concentration of protein bound cadmium was<1mg/kg diet, organ bound cadmium was not significantly different from cadmium chloride in bioavailability and organ distribution. From this result it is suggested that the intestinal absorption of protein bound cadmium is influenced of the amount of cadmium bound in protein. When cadmium concentration in protein is relatively low, protein bound cadmium seems to be absorbed in the same way as cadmium ions are absorbed. However, when the concentration is high, at least a small amount of intact protein bound cadmium could be absorbed and accumulated selectively in kidney.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of com gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of camitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2006

The aim of present study was to investigate the possible influence of Rho-kinase inhibition on the plant-derived estrogen-like compounds-induced arterial relaxation. Agonist- or depolarization-induced vascular smooth muscle contractions involve the activation of Rho-kinase pathway. However there are no reports addressing the question whether this pathway is involved in genistein-or daidzein-induced vascular relaxation in rat aortae precontracted with phenylephrine or thromboxane $A_2$ mimetic U-46619. We hypothesized that Rho-kinase inhibition plays a role in vascular relaxation evoked by genistein or daidzein in rat aortae. Endothelium-intact and denuded arterial rings from male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and isometric contractions were recorded using a computerized data acquisition system. Genistein concentration-dependently inhibited phenylephrine or thromboxane $A_2-induced$ contraction regardless of endothelial function. Surprisingly, in the agonists-induced contraction, similar results were also observed in aortae treated with daidzein, the inactive congener for protein tyrosine kinase inhibition, suggesting that Rho-kinase might act upstream of tyrosine kinases in phenylephrine-induced contraction. In conclusion, in the agonists-precontracted rat aortae, genistein and daidzein showed similar relaxant response regardless of tyrosine kinase inhibition or endothelial function.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.41-64
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods: Six groups, each of 8 rats per group were used in the present study - intact vehicle control, PTU control, Levothyroxine ($LT_4$), JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. JEKHT were administered once a day for 42 days as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body and organ weight, serum hormone and lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed with histopathology of organs. Results were compared with $LT_4$ 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results: PTU treatment, marked decrease of body weight, increases of thyroid weight, decreases of liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decreases of serum Tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$), and Thyroxine ($T_4$) level with increase of serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, decreases of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level with increases of serum Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level, increases of serum High density lipoprotein (HDL), decrease of triglyceride content, increase of serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, decreases of liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contents and diameters was additionally demonstrated with the decrease of hepatocyte numbers per unit area due to hypertrophy of hepatocytes related to lipid droplet depositions, increase of a/oligospermatic epididymal tubules with epididymal atrophic changes, seminiferous tubular atrophy with decrease of stage I~II seminiferous tubules in testis, prostate tubular atrophic changes at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and JEKHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Conclusions: JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.55-75
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• 2015

Objectives : The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Insamyangyoung-tang aqueous extracts (ISYYT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU) induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : The rats were divided into 6 groups : intact control, PTU control, Levothyroxine (LT ₄ ), 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups. In ISYYT treated groups, PTU and ISYYT were administered for 4 weeks after 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT were administered for 2 weeks. In LT ₄ group, PTU and LT ₄ were administered for 4 weeks. The changes were observed : the weigh, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum sex hormone levels, serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzyme levels, liver and testis antioxidant defense system, histopathology of thyroid gland, liver, epididymis, prostate and testis. Results were compared with PTU control group in this experiment. Results : In comparison with PTU control group, 500 and 250 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups showed significant increase of body, thyroid, liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decrease of serum TSH levels with increase of serum T3 and T4 level, increase of serum testosterone and DHT levels with decrease of serum FSH levels, decrease of serum HDL with increase of TG and increase of serum AST levels. Histopathological inspections of hepatic and male reproductive organ damage induced by PTU were improved. And the changes of antioxidant defense system of Liver and testis induced by PTU were improve. There was no significant difference between 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated group and PTU control group in this experiment. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study considered that Insamyangyoung-tang may be effective in hypothyroidism and related organ damages.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 casein 펩타이드 분획물이 정상 및 고지방식을 섭취한 흰쥐에서의 혈청 및 조직의 지질 농도에 미치는 섭취효과를 검토하고자 하였다. 정상 지방식이 (7% soybean oil & cholesterol-free; Expt I)를 섭취한 흰쥐는 정상 혈청 지질농도를 나타내는 것으로, 분배설량이 약간 증가하는 경향을 나타내긴 하였지만 이때 casein 펩타이드 분획물군의 혈청,간조직의 지질농도에 대한 효과는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 하지만, 순환기계질환의 주요 인자인 HDL/LDL비는 친.소수성 펩타이드에서 유의적으로 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 고지방 콜레스테롤식이 (18% beef tallow & 1% cholesterol; Expt II)를 급여하였을 경우, 친.소수성 펩타이드 분획물군에서 분중으로의 총지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방의 배설량이 유의 적 (p<0.05)으로 또는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이런 결과, 고지방식이를 급여했을 때 친.소수성펩타이드 분획물군이 casein군에 비해 혈중 및 간조직 중의 지질 농도가 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 HDL/LDL비도 casein군에 비해 친.소수성 펩타이드 분획물군에서 높게 관찰되는 것으로, 이는 고 혈증 위험요소를 저하시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 친.소수성 펩타이드 분획물(CL & CB)의 아미노산 조성 결과, 친.소수성 펩타이드 식이의 glycine과 methionine함량은 casein 식이의 조성과 거의 비슷한데, arginine과 lysine함량은 casein 식이의 조성과 상당히 달랐다. 또한 혈중 지질농도를 낮추는 것으로 보고되어지는 arginine/lysine 비와 glycine/methionine 비는 친.소수성 펩타이드 분획물 식이(CL & CB)에서 낮게 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 동물실험 결과와 같이 고찰해볼 때, 아미노산 조성이 혈중 및 조직 중의 지질저하 효과에 미치는 영향이 그다지 크지 않은 것으로 사료되었고, 앞으로 이에 대한 연구가 더욱 필요하였다. 친.소수성 casein 펩타이드 분획물의 지질 대사에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 보았을 때, 고지혈증 및 고콜레스테롤혈증 흰쥐에서 혈중 및 간조직의 지질함량을 저하 시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 가능한 기전으로는 분중으로의 지질 배설량을 증가시킨 것에 기인한 것으로 해석되었으며, 섭취기간이 길어질수록 효과가 확실해질 것으로 기대되었다. 또한 casein 펩타이드 분획물의 아미노산 조성비의 차이라기보다는 펩타이드 자체의 효과임이 시사되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.315-328
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ultrasonic bath in tissue preparation for transmission electron microscopy. The method used standard reagents and media, and employed ultrasonic bath agitation to accelerate fluid exchange. The liver kidney, stomach and cardiac muscle tissues of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment, and the experimental design was divided into 4 groups; The control group using rotators (Traditional method, 1,625 mins) and the three experimental groups using ultrasonic bath (UB) in the primary fixation through the infiltration processes (UB I; 62.5 mins, UB II; 125 mins, UB III; 250 mins). The results were as follows; 1. In the control group, tissues were easily sectioned, and showed well preserved intact membranes, and cell organelles such as mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisome, rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 2. In the UB treated group I, tissues showed holes due to the inadequate removal of both water and fluids used in the dehydration process. Also the mitochondria of cell organelles, especially, showed swollen intracristal spaces and dense matrices due to poor fixation. 3. In the UB treated group II, tissues showed good preservation of cell organelles and specimen slice sections. Also, no holes were observed. 4. In the UB treated group III, tissues showed leaching of structural components in the cytoplasm, but no holes were observed. In conclusion, the ultrasonic bath procedure takes approximately 120 minutes from specimen fixation to resin infiltration and gives excellent results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.342-350
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• 2010

본 연구는 흰쥐에게 대두단백질과 그 가수분해물을 고지방식이와 함께 섭취시켜 지질대사와 식욕 조절 호르몬에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 수행하였다. 실험동물로는 4주령 수컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 모든 실험동물에게 AIN-93 M식이를 기본으로 하여 18% 고지방과 10%의 저단백질을 첨가한 식이를 4주 동안 공급하여 동일한 실험조건을 설정한 후, 4개 군 (n = 8)으로 나누어 실험 식이를 공급하였다. 4개의 실험군은 질소급원과 수준에 따라, 10% 대두단백질군 (10% Soy Protein Isolate; 10SPI), 25% 대두단백질군 (25% Soy Protein Isolate; 25SPI), 25% 대두단백질 가수분해물군 (25% Soy Protein Hydrolysate; 25SPH), 25% 대두 macro-peptide fraction군 (25% soy macro-peptide fraction; MW $\geq$ 10,000 Da: 25SPP)으로 나누고 6주 동안 실험식이를 급여한 후 희생시켰다. 그 결과, 실험군 간에 식이섭취량은 차이를 보이지 않았으나 체중은 단백질 섭취 수준의 증가에 따라 증가하였으며, 대두단백질과 비교하여 가수분해물 및 펩타이드 분획물에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 신장과 비장조직의 무게는 저단백질 섭취군 보다 고단백질 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았으나 25SPP군은 오히려 저단백질 섭취군 (10SPI)과 비슷하였다. 혈청지질 농도는 단백질 수준에 상관없이 25SPP에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 간의 지질함량은 저단백질 섭취군 (10SPI)에 비해 고단백질 섭취군 (25SPI, 25SPH, 25SPP)에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 식욕조절 호르몬의 분비에 미치는 영향으로는 25SPP군이 25SPI군에 비해 인슐린은 유의적으로 높았고, 렙틴의 경우는 유의적으로 낮았다. 그러나, 그렐린은 실험군간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구 결과에서, 대두단백질과 비교하여 가수분해물이 혈청지질 농도 개선에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤고 특히, 분자량이 큰 펩타이드의 경우 식욕조절 관련 호르몬에 보다 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈다. 따라서, 대두단백질 고분자 펩타이드 분획물이 체내지질 함량의 감소에 기여할 수 있으며, 단백질의 종류별로 식욕조절 호르몬의 분비에 다른 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사하였다, 그러나 고지방 식이로 유도된 비만 상태에서는 렙틴 저항이나 인슐린 저항 등이 발생하는 것을 고려할 때, 단백질 가수분해물의 식욕조절효과에 대한 면밀한 연구가 앞으로 더 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of the Korean raisin (Hovenia dulcis Thunb) extracts and polyherbal extracts consisted of 6 types herbal extracts including HDT (HDTmix) on $CCl_4$ induced organ damages. Extracts were prepared by autoclave ($121^{\circ}C$, 15 psi, 3 hours) and filtered with nylon cloth and filter paper then freezing dried. Male Sprague-Dawley rats $(200^{\circ}{\ae}20g)$ were used as experimental groups, which were divided into 5 groups; intact control group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing after HDT extract dosing group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing after HDTmix dosing group (100 mg/kg), Silymarin dosing group (5 mg/kg) after all test articles were orally dosed once a day for 28 days. They were sacrifiled under ether anesthesia. HDT extracts and HDTmix dramatically inhibits the $CCl_4$ intoxicated hepato/nephropathies with immuno-suppress changes on the spleen. They showed more dramatical protective effects on most of specific organs compared to that of Silymarin 5 mg/kg except for hepatoprotective effects in which, quite similar effects were detected. In addition, HDT extracts showed synergic effects with other types of herbal extracts because HDTmix showed more favorable protective effects on the all specific organs showing $CCl_4-related$ histopathological changes compared to HDT extracts.