• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.368-371
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• 2014

A variety of abiotic stresses limit plant growth and crop productivity. Among the abiotic stress, salinity is one of the major harmful stresses to plants. Plant growth-promoting bacterium was isolated from reclaimed land soil of Kyehwa-do and identified as Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas sp. strain G19 produced $7.5{\mu}g/ml$ of indole acetic acid and solubilized 25% of insoluble phosphate after 36 h cultivation. Also, G19 was able to produce a protein that was structurally homologous to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase of Pseudomonas fluorescens KACC10070 playing a role in reduction of ethylene in plant. The strain G19 increased the biomass of Chinese cabbage seedlings grown in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. The results indicated that the strain G19 promoted the growth of Chinese cabbage seedling under salinity stress through microbe-plant interactions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1982

The influence of builders on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by laundering the cotton fabric with sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate, sodium tripolyphosphate and built detergents in hard water. The laundry variables were: 1) Washing cycles: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 cycles. 2) Water hardness: 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm. 3) Builders: $Na_2\;CO_3,\;Na_2\;SiO_3$ and STPP. 4) Detergents: Na-DBS, $Na-DBS+Na_2CO_3,\;Na-DBS+Na_2\;SiO_3,\;Na-DBS+STPP,\;Na-DBS+Na_2\;CO_3+STPP$, and $Na-DBS+Na_2\;SiO_3+STPP$. The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at 23+$1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine(Gold Star WP 3007) under the similar condition with those of home laundering, and rinsed 3 times in the same water hardness for 5 minutes. The calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by EDTA-BACK titration methods. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was increased with increasing wash cycles. This deposit was due to the build up of insoluble calcium carbonate. 2) As the water hardness increased, the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was increased. 3) Alkaline builders, such as, $Na_2CO_3$ and $Na_2SiO_3$, promoted calcium deposition on the fabric, however STPP prevented calcium deposition on the fabric. 4) Fabric laundered with $Na-DBS+Na_2CO_3$ showed the highest calcium deposits on the fabric, and decreased with the order of $Na_2CO_3$, $Na-DBS+Na_2SiO_3$, and Na-DBS. And fabrics washed with phosphate-built detergents showed a small amount of calcium deposition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1435-1446
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• 2022

Zinc-solubilizing bacteria can convert the insoluble form of zinc into soluble forms available to plants. This study was conducted to isolate and screen zinc-solubilizing actinobacteria from rhizosphere soils and to assess their effect on vegetable soybean growth. In total, 200 actinobacteria strains belonging to 10 genera were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples. Among these isolates, four showed zinc solubilization with solubilizing index values ranging from 3.11 to 3.78 on Bunt and Rovira agar supplemented with 0.1% zinc oxide. For the quantitative assay, in broth culture, strains CME34 and EX51 solubilized maximum available zinc contents of 529.71 and 243.58 ㎍/ml. Furthermore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia were produced by these two strains, the strain CME34 produced the highest amount of IAA 4.62 ㎍/ml and the strain EX51 produced the highest amount of ammonia 361.04 ㎍/ml. In addition, the phosphate-solubilizing abilities in Pikovskaya's medium of CME34 and EX51 were 64.67 and 115.67 ㎍/ml. Based on morphological and biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing, the strains CME34 and EX51 were closely related to the genus Streptomyces. In a greenhouse experiment, single-strain inoculation of Streptomyces sp. CME34 or EX51 significantly increased the shoot length, root length, plant dry weight, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant of vegetable soybean plants compared to the uninoculated control. These findings facilitated the conclusion that the two Streptomyces strains have potential as zinc solubilizers and can be suggested as bioinoculants to promote the growth and yield of soybean.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 1994

To get a fundamental data fur management of security, validity, Quality, of Paeonia suffruficosa roots as medicinal herb, the content of paeonol, ash, and inorganic components in Moutan Radicis Cortex produced in 8 regions of Korea was investigated from Oct. 1990 to May 1991. The results are summarized as follows: The average content of paeonol was 0.65%. The content of ash was 3.53%, acid-insoluble ash 0.77% in average, both of them were suitable to the standard value as Korean medical herbs. Total nitrogen content was 1.03%, phosphate 0.55%, potassium 0.82%, and calcium 1.50% in average. The content of MgO was 0.21ppm, 325.83ppm in Fe, 1.82ppm in Cr, 3.73ppm in Cu, 18.93ppm in Zn and Mn 21.27ppm, respectively. Especially Hg was not detected in the products of all regions. The average content of Cd was 0.25ppm, Pb 3.09ppm in Moutan Radicis Cortex, so they were estimated suitably to use as medicinal herb.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1974

The water pollution by waste water is one of the important issue and the short of animal feed is too, in Korea. So, this experiment is accomplished to treat alcohol distillers' waste by micro-organisms and planning to produce yeasts, which can be used as animal feed, pharmacy and condiments. 1. The raw material, alcohol distillers' waste, of this experiment consists of insoluble solids (residue) and filterate (supernatant). The residue contains 33.08％ of crude protein, 19.96％ of total sugar. and 2.06％ of ash, respectively. On the other hand the flterate through the Toyo filter paper No. 5C, contains 2.48％ of crude protein, 1.54％ of reducing sugar, and 0.43％ of ash, respectively. 2. Optimum pH of the basal medium for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YF-1 is 4.0. Optimum culture condition of this is as follows : when 0.43g of urea, 0.43g of potassium phosphate monobasic, and 0.21g of magnesium sulfate are added to the 100m1 of basal medium. Optimum temperature and optimum incubation time are 30$^{\circ}C$ and 24-28 hrs. 3. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of dry yeast is 1.38％ to the medium. 4. The composition of dry yeast, produced under these conditions, is as follows: crude protein, 56.96％, lipid, 1.30％. total sugar, 6.53％, and ash 9.62％.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2008

In order to develop the multi-functional rhizobacteria that can exert positive effect on the growth of plants growing in the coastal sand dune located along East Coast of Korea, rhizospheral bacteria of 11 different plants from this area were isolated 1,330 rhizobacteria. Among these, 23 strains were able to produce auxin and had spectrum of antagonism toward various phytopathogenic microbes. To know the mechanism of this antifungal activity, these 23 strains were subjected to further analyses; 19 strains of these produced siderophore as determined by color reaction on CAS-blue plate, 4 strains produced antifungal cellulase as judged by color change on CMC-Congo red plate, 17 strains were able to utilized insoluble phosphate salts, also determined by clear zone formation on PVK medium. Identification of the strain was assigned to all 23 strains by l6s rDNA sequence analysed, and all were identified to be in the genus of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. One strain of these, denoted Pseudomonas fluorescens IB4-14, showed ACC deaminase activity which is known to be involved in the resistance of environmental stress such as salt and drought. Also, P. fluorescens IB4-l4 showed the germination stimulation and roots growth promoting activity on the in vivo assay of Lysimachia mauritiana Lam. (spoonleaf yellow loosestrife).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.252-257
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• 1998

Bamboo salt has been used as a traditional remedy for gastric ulcer and gastro-intestinal disorders. It is produced by baking the salt packed in bamboo cylinder nine times under the fire of pine tree. Three of commercially available bamboo salt products (bamboo salt A, B, and C) were characterized by qualitative and quantitative analyses using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer, ion chromatograph (IC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and electron microscope (EM). Compared with crude salt, the contents of iron, silicon, potassium, and phosphate in the bamboo salt products were higher whereas the sulfate content was lower. Water-insoluble fraction of bamboo salts contained the following compounds; MgO, $SiO_2,\;Mg_2Si0_4,\;and\;CaMgSi0_4$. The study on the microscopic structures of the bamboo salts were shown to have smooth surface and fused shape compared with crude salt. Among the three bamboo salt products, product A was used to test a possible inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion. Each test material (bamboo salt A, crude salt, and reagent-grade NaCl) was given orally to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg for 28 days before pyrolus ligation. Twenty four hours after the last administration of the test materials, volume, pH, total acidity, and pepsin activity of gastric juice were measured by the Shay-ligation method. No significant differences were observed in the secretion of gastric acid between treated groups (bamboo salt-, crude salt- and reagent-grade NaCI-treated groups) and control group (distilled water-treated group). This result demonstrated that bamboo salt did not exert anti-ulcer activities in experimental animals used in the present study.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2009

Although lovastatin (LS) is widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, its bioavailability is known to be around 5%. This study was aimed to increase the solubility and dissolution-permeation rates of LS using solid dispersions (SDs) with bile salts. The solubilities of LS in water, aqueous bile salt solutions and non-aqueous vehicles were determined, and effects of bile salts on the cellulose or duodenal permeation of LS from SDs were evaluated using a horizontal permeation system. SDs were prepared at various ratios of LS to carriers, such as sodium deoxycholate (SDC), sodium glycocholate (SGC) and/or 2-hydroxypropyl-$\beta$-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The addition of bile salts (25 mM) in water increased markedly the solubility of LS by the micellar solubilization. Some non-aqueous vehicles were effective in solubilizing LS. From differential scanning calorimetric studies, it was found that the crystallinity of LS in SDs disappeared, indicating a formation of amorphous state. The SDs showed markedly enhanced dissolution compared with those of their physical mixtures (PMs) and drug alone. In the dissolution-permeation studies using a cellulose membrane, the donor and receptor solutions were maintained as a sink condition using pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The flux of LS alone was nearly same as that of LS-SDC-HPCD (1:3:6) PM. However, the flux of LS-SDC-HPCD (1:3:6) SD slightly increased compared with drug alone and PM, suggesting that entrapment of LS in micelles does not significantly hinder the permeation across cellulose membrane. In the dissolution-duodenal permeation studies using a LS-HPCD-SDC (1:3:6) SD, the addition of various bile salts in donor solutions (25 mM) enhanced the permeation of LS markedly, and the fluxes were found to be $0.69{\pm}0.41$, $0.87{\pm}0.51$, $0.84{\pm}0.46$, $0.47{\pm}0.17$ and $0.68{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ for sodium cholate (SC), SDC, SGC, sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) and sodium taurocholate (STC), respectively. The stepwise increase of donor SGC concentration increased the flux dose-dependently. From the relationship of donor SGC concentration and flux, the concentration of SGC initiating the permeation across the duodenal mucosa was calculated to be 11.1 mM, which is nearly same as the critical micelle concentration (CMC, 11.6 mM) of SGC. However, with no addition of bile salts and below CMC, the permeation was very limited and irratic, indicating that LS itself is very poor permeable. Higher protions of bile salt in SD such as LS-SDC or LS-SGC (1 : 49 and 1 : 69) showed highly promoted fluxes. In conclusion, SD systems with bile salts, which may form their micelles in intestinal fluids, might be a promising means for providing enhanced dissolution and intestinal permeation of practically insoluble and non-absorbable LS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.709-716
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• 2011

Effect of inorganic coagulants dosing on the performance of electro-chemical process was studied when treating hospital wastewater having low electrolyte concentration. It is thought that adding inorganic coagulants caused increase in concentration of electrolyte and this caused increase in free chloride concentration and consequently, caused increase in indirect oxidation effect. Thus, COD removal efficiencies more than doubled in percentage terms at the 2 hrs of reaction time and current density of $1.76A/dm^2$ compared with the results obtained from the parallel experiments without adding inorganic coagulants. T-N removal efficiencies approximately doubled in percentage terms at the 2 hrs of reaction time and 700 ppm of coagulants addition and applied current density of $1.76A/dm^2$ due to the increase of free residual chlorine such as HOCl caused by increase of electrolyte concentration through the addition of inorganic coagulants. Under the same experimental condition, more than 90% of T-P removal efficiencies was obtained. The reason can be explained that increase of chemical adsorption rate between phosphate and insoluble metal compounds caused by dissolved oxygen generated from anode by the increased electrolyte concentration through inorganic coagulants addition make a major role in improving T-P removal efficiencies. It can be concluded that inorganic coagulants addition as the supplemental agent of electrolyte is effective way in improving organic and nutrient salt removal efficiency when treating hospital wastewater having low electrolyte concentration.