• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2004

A sucrose-agar globule (SAG) was newly introduced to increase production of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal spores, Gigaspora gigantea and Glomus fasciculatum. An SAG inoculum and a sucrose-agar globule with root exudates (SAGE) inoculum were prepared, and their spore productions were compared with a soil inoculum. When the SAGE was used as the inoculum on sucrose-agar medium plates the number of spores was increased (35% more than the soil inoculum). After the soil inoculum and SAGE were inoculated on an experimental plant, Zingiber officinale, the percentage root colonization, number of VAM spores, and dry matter content were analyzed. It was observed that the SAGE showed a higher percentage of root colonization (about 10% more), and increases in the number of spores (about 26%) and dry matter (more than 13%) for the two VAM fungal spores than the soil inoculum. The results of this study suggested that the SAGE inoculum may be useful for the mass production of VAM fungi and also for the large scale production of VAM fungal fertilizer.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.265-268
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• 2004

Cell growth and ginseng saponin production by large-scale suspension (bioreactor) cultures of Panax ginseng were investigated under various inoculum sizes. Cell growth was low at an inoculum size of 40 g FW/L, and the maximum cell growth was obtained with increasing inoculum size up to 100 g FW/L. The cell density of 333 g FW/L and 12.7 g DW/L was obtained at inoculum size of 100 g FW/L after 30 days of cultivation. Maximum saponin production of $4.40\;\cal{mg/g}$ DW was achieved at 60 g FW/L of inoculum size. Thus, inoculum size 60 g FW/L was suitable for optimum biomass accumulation as well as saponin production during bioreactor cultivation of ginseng suspension cells.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2008

In bioreactor cultures of plants, inoculum density is an important factor affecting growth and proliferation of the plantlets. To maximize shoot growth and proliferation of grape rootstock '5BB' in bioreactors, inoculum density varied at 15, 30, 45 and 60 single nodes in a 3-liter scale balloon type bioreactor, respectively and cultured for 40 days. Results suggested that the growth and the photosynthesis of the plantlet were greatly affected by inoculum density in the bioreactor. The inoculum density of 45 nodes resulted in the greatest growth (910.4 mg/shoot FW, 764.4 mg/root FW) followed by 30 nodes. $CO_2$ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate of the plantlet were also highest at the inoculum density of 45 nodes. Significant reduces in shoot and root growth (426.5 mg/shoot FW, 248.4 mg/root FW) were observed at the inoculum density of 60 nodes. When the inoculum density decreased by 15 nodes, plantlets were malformed due to hyperhydricity, resulting in the highest transpiration rate and the lowest $CO_2$ assimilation rate. The plantlets stressed by the inoculum density at 15 nodes and 60 nodes showed larger number and irregular shape of stomata compared to the plantlets inoculated with 45 nodes.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.393-396
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• 1998

The characteristic Ramularia type conidia of Mycosphaerella nawae were formed on naturally infected leaves. Artificial inoculation with the conidia induced typical symptom on leaves, which was not distinguishable from those of ascospore infection, which has been considered as a primary inoculum source in nature. Also the morphology of the conidia produced on PDA was not different from those formed on artificially inoculated leaves or on naturally infected leaves at later stage of symptom development. Accordingly, we report the role of the conidia as a secondary inoculum of the circular leaf spot pathogen of persimmon for the first time.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.352-356
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• 2008

Root discs of 4-year-old ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were inoculated with the higher($10^8$ colonyforming units(CFU)/ml) and lower($10^6\;or\;10^5$ CFU/ml) initial inoculum levels of a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium(PGPR), Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR-1 to examine rot symptom development and bacterial population changes on the root discs. At the higher inoculum level, brown rot symptoms developed and expanded on the whole root discs in which the bacterial population increased continuously up to 4 days after inoculation. In light and electron microscopy, ginseng root cells on the inoculation sites were extensively decayed, which were characterized by dissolved cell walls and destructed cytoplasmic contents. However, no rot symptoms were developed and the bacterial population increased only during the initial two days of inoculation at the lower inoculum level($10^6$ CFU/ml) of P. polymyxa GBR-1. At the lower inoculum level($10^5$ CFU/ml), boundary layers with parallel periclinal cell divisions, structurally similar to wound periderm, were formed internal to the inoculation sites, beneath which the cells were intact containing numerous normal-looking starch granules and no disorganized cell organelles, suggesting that these structural features may be related to the suppression of symptom development, a histological defense mechanism.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.474-481
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculum and carbon sources on anaerobic digestion characteristics. The treatments were combinations of inoculum (digestate of cattle manure and rumen fluid) with carbon sources (starch, cellulose, and xylan). Anaerobic digestion was performed in triplicate at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 days at 100 rpm. Sampling was performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days to measure pH, ammonia-N, volatile solids reduction, the cumulative methane content, and the cumulative methane production. There was a significant difference in methane content depending on the carbon source and there was a significant difference in pH, ammonia-N, methane production, and methane content depending on the inoculum (P < 0.05). The results of methane production were higher in the digestate of cattle manure treatment than in the rumen fluid treatment (P < 0.05). In this study, different digestive patterns depending on the type of carbon source could be used as basic research data to set the hydraulic residence time of anaerobic digestion facilities. In addition, the use of ruminal fluid as an inoculum may help accelerate the hydrolysis and acid production steps.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.14 no.1 s.22
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• pp.1-5
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• 1975

The study has been carried out for the development of an inoculation method in screening resistant varieties and/or lines to bacterial leaf blight of rice with special consideration on plant ages and inoculum concentrations. A higher incidence of the disease was found on younger plants than on the older ones when the plants were inoculated with the same concentration of inoculum by clipping method under the same circumstances. Applications of extremly high concentration of inoculum resulted the death of younger seedlings from all varieties within short period after inoculation, and the inoculum that was lower than optimum concentration failed in distinguishing varietal characteristics in regard of resistance. The proper inoculum size for the screening of resistance among the varieties and/or lines depended on the age of plants. The optimum concentration of inoculum for the plant age of 14, 37, 48 and 58days was $10^6,\;10^7,\;10^7-10^{-9}\;and\; 10^9 cells/ml.,$ respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2001

The human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) was produced from cell suspension culture of transgenic tobacco which was transformed by using Agrobacterium harboring the hGM-CSF gene. To improve the production of hGM-CSF in batch culture system, the effects of initial sucrose concentration and inoculum size were investigated. The results show that the hGM-CSF production was not affected by small inoculum size in medium containing either low or high concentration of sucrose. However, the production of hGM-CSF was increased under increasing of the inoculum sizes and sucrose concentration. Under the combination of inoculum and sucrose concentration, the maximum hGM-CSF production of 720 $\mu$g/L was obtained at 90 g/L of initial sucrose concentration and 110 g/L of inoculum size.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.616-623
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• 2007

The effects of initial concentration and pulsed pressurization on the inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes spores suspended in deionized water were determined during thermal processing $(TP;\;105^{\circ}C,\;0.1MPa)$ and pressure-assisted thermal processing $(PATP;\;105^{\circ}C\;and\;700MPa)$ treatments for 40 min and 5min holding times, respectively. Different inoculum levels $(10^4,\;10^6\;and\;10^8CFU/ml)$ of C. sporogenes spores suspended in deionized water were treated at $105^{\circ}C$ under 700MPa with single, double, and triple pulses. Thermally treated samples served as control. No statistical significances (p>0.05) were observed among all different inoculum levels during the thermal treatment, whereas the inactivation rates $(k_1\;and\;k_2)$ were decreased with increasing the initial concentrations of C. sporogenes spores during the PATP treatments. Double- and triple-pulsed pressurization reduced more effectively the number of C. sporogenes spores than single-pulse pressurization. The study shows that the spore clumps formed during the PATP may lead to an increase in pressure-thermal resistance, and multiple-pulsed pressurization can be more effective in inactivating bacterial spores. The results provide an interesting insight on the spore inactivation mechanisms with regard to inoculum level and pulsed pressurization.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.533-539
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• 2016

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of start-up of anaerobic digestion from food waste with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen yield was similar with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen production rate increased with increasing inoculum ratio. But the specific hydrogen production rate decreased with increasing inoculum ratio. Total volatile fatty acids composition analysis showed that butyrate and acetate were the prevalent products in all reactors, followed by lactate and propionate. The acetate was most prevalent product in reactors at $X_0/S_0=0.080$ and 0.159. But in reactors at $X_0/S_0=0.239$ and 0.318, butyrate accounted for greater than 50% of the total volatile fatty acids.