• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

It is revealed that there are more registered disabled people in our country who have their disability because of acquired factors such as accidents than because of innate deformity. This phenomenon will continue and the incidence of acquired disability will increase more and more. Even though there is noticeable change, the social recognition toward the disabled is still negative. Particularly, university students are in the early adulthood according to the development of life-cycle, and this is the period that people have diverse social relationships, depart from unified frame and work in various fields, and set up their own thoughts and ideology with knowledge and skills acquired from university education. Therefore, in this study, we are going to search the recognition of the university students, who are in the previous period of entering into the society, toward the disabled, and if they have negative prejudice or attitude against the disabled, we are going to find the ways to improve on their awareness positively. The subjects of the survey were randomly selected among 230 out of total 250 students by visiting thirteen universities in Chungcheong Province, and were analyzed by using SPSS (ver. 18.0) program. T-test and One-way ANOVA were used as analytical methods to look into the difference of analysis of frequency, descriptive statistic, reliability analysis and attitudes for comprehending sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects of the survey. In conclusion, it has to be not a temporary or event-like training, but a training that makes people have positive recognition and attitude towards accurate information, knowledge, human rights, disability, and diversity. This thesis has a limitation to be generalized to the university students all over the country since the region is limited to a certain area.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2018

In this study, we formulated oil-in-water emulsion composition for skin care products containing jadeite powder which is well known as far-infrared radiating material. Jadeite powder could sustain stable dispersion in aqueous solvents over a month and this helped mixing it high content in oil-in-water emulsion formulation. To identify the effect of jadeite as a far-infrared radiator materials relating to the skin surface temperature change, we applied emulsion formulation containing 2 weight percent jadeite powder onto facial skin surface and blank formulation together and analyzed surface temperature with thermo-vision. Our results showed that the temperature difference between jadeite powder formulation applied region and blank formulation reached to 1.5 ~ 2.0 degree Celsius. We also performed same test with nephrite powder and titanium dioxide powder but only jadeite powder containing formulation showed significant skin temperature change. To elucidate main cause of heat energy transfer, we tested heat radiation, energy dispersive spectrometer analysis and measured far infrared radiance emissivity, diffuse reflectance spectra and water evaporation rate. We found out jadeite powder could retard water evaporation effectively from the skin surface and resist temperature drop down. This is because of the innate chemical composition and surface structure of jadeite, which can bind with water molecules to form hydrogen bonds. It is concluded that we can develop novel skin care products for moisturizing and thermos with jadeite powder.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 1979

A review of this literature and discussions reveal a development of ideas concerning the elements of nursing models. The elements of a nursing model are the nurses view of the human being, nursing's goal, and nursing activities. It has long been recognized that human beings, at one time or another, require nursing care. Varieties of literature were reviewed in regard to the human being as recipient of nursing care through the theory development in nursing. Florence Nightingale initiated the modern era of nursing and described more clearly man as the recipient of nursing care. She looked at man as responding to the laws of nature whether the person was healthy or sick. Henderson added to Nightingale's concept of man , the recipient of nursing care by emphasizing that man is a whole, complete, and independent being. Her view is further specified by her enumeration of the activities the human being must perform. Johnson has developed a very comprehensive view of man as the recipient of nursing care. Man is a behavioral system which has a tendency to achieve and maintain stability in patterns of functioning. Like Nightingale, Johnson sees that similar patterns occur in both health and illness. Johnson postulates that the whole behavioral system of the human is composed of eight sub-systems: affiliative, achievement, aggressive, dependency, eliminative, ingestive, restorative, sexual. Roger's main contribution to the development of nursing models was her emphasis upon unitary man. She pointed out that man is a unified whole, possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that“are more than and different from the sum of his parts.”Rogers focuses on the life processes of the human and points out that these processes have the following characteristics. Wholeness, openness, unidirectionality, pattern and organization, sentence, and thought. According to Roy, man is a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. To cope with this changing environment, man has certain innate and acquired mechanisms. Man's ability to respond positively or to adapt, depends upon the degree of the change taking place and the state of the person coping with the change. When she analyzes man as an adaptive organism she further describes man as being composed of four adaptive modes: physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Based on the literary review through the theory development in nursing, general approach by a unified nursing model to a view of the recipient of nursing care may be stated as follows: Man is a unified whole composed of subsystems with a flexible and normal line of defense; his internal regulating mechanisms help him to cope with a changing environment; he functions by the principles of homeodynamics.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.21-38
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• 2014

This study investigates whether and how a firm's cost of equity is influenced by the extent of a firms's name change. Even though corporate name change doesn't give any benefit to investors, it can be a signaling about firm's future valuation. And also, if that signaling has high credibility, it can be decrease information cost and the firm's cost of equity. on the contrary to this, if corporate name change is kind of break with the past and corporate image laundering, it is bad signaling to investors. So it can be increase information risk and the firm's cost of equity. Using yearly cross-sectional regressions of the cost of equity on our proxies for corporate name change, size, beta, market-to-book ratio and other innate risk factor over the 2005-2010, we find that the cost of capital is positively associated with corporate name change after controlling for all other factors. This result implies that corporate name change increase information risk of the business, and thus increase information asymmetries between managers and outside investors with respect to a firm's true future value. This increases information risk, and creates an adverse selection problem, on the part of outside investors. Rational investors therefore demand a premium for bearing this corporate name change-related information risk, which in turn leads us to observe a positive relation between the intensity of corporate name change and the cost of equity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.578-585
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• 2012

Cytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. Red Ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is known to show different pharmacological effects by changed composition of saponins compared with Panax Ginseng. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of RG on the regulation of cytokine release in mice. RG was injected i.p at doses of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg for 6 weeks. We assessed that the weight index of immune organs such as thymus, and spleen, and the mitogen blastogenesis of splenocytes. We also determined the levels of circulating cytokines in serum from RG-treated mice using ELISA assay. The weight index of thymus and spleen, and proliferation of mitogen response of splenocytes have increased in the RG-injected groups. In addition, the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-2 concentrations have significantly increased in the serum of RG-treated mice, but that of IL-10 has not. These results suggest that RG has immune stimulating effects and could be useful as a immunoregulator of circulating cytokine release in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.164-170
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• 2007

The concept of innate immunity in insects which refers to the first line of host defense constitutes the humoral and cellular components which are involved in recognition and actively participate in the elimination of the intruding foreign micro- or macro-organisms. Several recent studies suggest that juvenile hormone (JH) modulates the cellular immune reactions in response to pathogen. In this study, pyriproxyfen (a JH agonist as an insect growth regulator) was tested in its any inhibitory effect on the immune reactions of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. To this end, five different hemocyte morphotypes of final instar S. exigua were identified by phase contrast microscopy. Plasmatocytes and granular cells, which constitute about 90% of the total hemocyte count, were prominently distinguished based on their basophilic/acidophilic nature using Giemsa stain. The role of pyriproxyfen on the functional ability of hemocytes was analyzed using FITC-labeled Providencia vermicola for the phagocytic potential of the hemocytes. Both granular cells and plasmatocytes exhibited phagocytosis behavior. Pyriproxyfen significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of both cell types, proposing its novel action as an immunosuppressant.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.868-874
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• 2016

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 are members of the serine or threonine protein kinase superfamily that phosphorylates the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine through the highly conserved kinase region. The RIPK family plays a crucial role not only in inflammation and innate immunity, but also in mediating programmed cell death, such as apoptosis and necroptosis. The interaction between RIPK1 and other TNFR1-related proteins has been shown to assemble a signaling complex I that controls activation of the pro-survival transcription factor NF-κB upon binding of cytokines to TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, RIPK1 and RIPK3 interact through their RIP homotypic interaction motifs (RHIMs) to mediate programmed necrosis, which has long been considered an accidental and uncontrolled cell death form with morphological characteristics differing from those of apoptosis. Highly conserved sequences of RHIM in RIPK1 and RIPK3 were shown to regulate their binary interaction, leading to assembly of a cytosolic amyloid complex termed the “necrosome”. The necrosome also contains mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which has been found recently to be a substrate of RIPK3 to mediate downstream signaling. This review provides an overview of the functional and physiological characteristics of RIPKs and MLKL in TNF signaling.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1388-1396
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• 2013

This study used an S-180 cell-injected mouse model to evaluate the antitumor effects of the acute and subacute toxicity of Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract intravenously administrated in ICR mice. When administered intravenously (31.3-250 mg/kg body weight), Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract significantly inhibited the growth of the solid tumor cell. The antitumor activity of Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract increased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose (250 mg/kg body weight) was highly effective, reducing tumor formation by 42.7% compared with the control group. In the acute toxicity test, $LD_{50}$ of the Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract showed 632.84 mg/kg (♂) and 814.48 mg/kg (♀) after intravenous administration. In addition, liver and spleen weight were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the subacute toxicity test, the mice were intravenously administered over the course of 28 days. The $LD_{50}$ of the Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract showed 355.41 mg/kg (♂) and 383.53 mg/kg (♀) after intravenous administration. The liver and spleen weight also increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the case of the group that received more than 125 mg/kg of intravenous administration, exercise capacity, such as jumping ability and agility, were significantly increased. These results suggest that Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) extract can be regarded as a potent enhancer of the innate immune response, and it can be considered as a new natural product with low toxicity that may be used as a candidate for antitumor action.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.369-377
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• 2008

Though the Hough transform(HT) is a well-known method for detecting analytical shape represented by a number of free parameters, the basic property of the HT, the one-to-many mapping from an image spare to a Hough space, causes the innate problem, the sensitivity to noise. This basic problem also deteriorates the quality of detected lines and makes the detected line deviated from the real one or generates some bogus, multiple lines where only one real line exists. The size of Hough space also affects the quality of detected lines. In this paper, we analyzed the line distortions in the traditional Hough transform and showed that the distortions are relieved in the edge strength Hough transform(ESHT), which is a modified HT. However the usage of expanded edge and edge strength in ESHT can cause some new line distortions which do not exist in the HT. These new ones can be solved by a proper setting of decreasing and broadening parameter values and the optimal values can be determined only by some pre-determined values. We also illustrated several examples to show the distortion-decreasing property of ESHT.

• Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.698-715
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• 2018

Purpose: Hrd1 has recently emerged as a critical regulator of B-cells in autoimmune diseases. However, its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine Hrd1 expression and B-cell accumulation and their possible roles in CRSwNP. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting were used to assess gene and protein expression in nasal tissue extracts. Cells isolated from nasal tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Local antibody production was measured in tissue extracts with a Bio-Plex assay. Additionally, changes in Hrd1 expression in response to specific inflammatory stimuli were measured in cultured dispersed polyp cells. Results: Nasal polyps (NPs) from patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRS) had increased levels of Hrd1, B-cells and plasma cells compared with NPs from patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (non-ECRS) or other control subjects (P < 0.05). The average Hrd1 levels in B-cells in NPs from ECRS patients were significantly higher than those from non-ECRS patients and control subjects (P < 0.05). NPs also contained significantly increased levels of several antibody isotypes compared with normal controls (P < 0.05). Interestingly, Hrd1 expression in cultured polyp cells from ECRS patients, but not non-ECRS patients, was significantly increased by interleukin-$1{\beta}$, lipopolysaccharide and Poly(I:C) stimulation, and inhibited by dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Differential Hrd1 expression and B-cell accumulation between the ECRS and non-ECRS subsets suggests that they can exhibit distinct pathogenic mechanisms and play important roles in NP.