• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2018

Studies of immune responses in insects have focused on mechanisms that interact directly with invading microorganisms. However, few studies have examined the immune response to various metabolites produced by microorganisms after they enter the host. Here, we examined immune responses in Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae induced by metabolites produced by symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. The two types of bacteria were cultured under the same conditions. The bacteria were then removed and the remaining culture supernatant was injected into the larvae. The larvae injected with culture medium (Ch-medium) from symbiotic bacteria remained relatively healthy and did not develop an immune response, whereas more than 60% of the larvae injected with pathogen culture medium (Ec-medium) died after 150 hours and dark brown patches of melanin were observed at the injection site. This immune response was confirmed by the finding of activated lysosomes in insect granulocytes. More than 50% of lysosomes in larvae injected with pathogen culture medium were strongly stained after 12 h, but less than 5% of those injected with symbiotic culture media were stained. Therefore, it is assumed that symbiotic bacteria produce few (if any) substances that induce host immune responses.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 2002

To elucidate the effect of microsphere coinjection on the administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), we have investigated biodistribution of ［S-35］-labeled antisense ODN targeted to cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) RI-$\alpha$ subunit in nude mice xenografted with WiDr (human colon cancer, ATCC CCL218). The strategy of using microsphere has been proposed for cancer treatment as a carrier of therapeutic ODN so that it could offer an advantage with respect to maintaining constant ODN levels in blood and obtaining higher therapeutic ODN concentration at tumor sites. Comparative biodistribution studies were performed in nude mice (female, 20 g of body weight, n = 4-6) xenografted with WiDr cancer cells, when 0.1 $\mu$Ci (specific activity, 2.94 mCi/$\mu$mole) of ［S-35］-labeled RI-$\alpha$ antisense ODN was injected alone or with microsphere (PLG-18, polylactic copolymer with cationic surfactant DDAB18). Peak tumor uptake of ［S-35］-labeled ODN was significantly increased from 17.7% (at 6 h) of injected dose per gram of tissue (ID/g) to 42.5% (at 24 h) ID/g when microsphere was coinjected with ODN. The different biodistribution in the kidney accumulation (e.g., 100.2% ID/g for ODN alone and 54.9%/ID/g for microshpere coinjection) may contribute to higher blood concentration (e.g., 21.5%ID/$m\ell$ for ODN alone and 37.5%ID/$m\ell$ for microsphere coinjection) of radiolabeled ODN. Of importance is the fact that the whole body retention of radioactivity increased with microsphere coinjection from 50.8%ID/g to 68.0%ID/g after 24-h of injection. This decreased kidney accumulation and increased whole body retention of ［S-35］-labeled ODN resulted in a significant improvement of ODN targeting to the tumor site. In conclusion, the coinjection of microsphere appears to be an important carrier system in vehiculation of antisense oligonucleotide to the tumor tissue in vivo.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 1998

Vaccinia virus is the prototype orthopoxvirus that has been used as a vaccine strain for small pox. This virus has been used to express a variety of cellular and viral genes in mammalian cells at high levels. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been found to stimulate the proliferation of T cells and enhance the cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To test the immunotherapeutic potential of IL-4 delivered in vivo by poxvirus, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the murine IL-4 gene (RVVmIL-4) was constructed. A high level of IL-4 production was confirmed by infecting HeLa cells and measuring IL-4 in cell culture supernatant by ELISA. As a tumor model, two cell lines were used; the murine T leukemic line P388 and the murine breast cancer line TS/A. CDF1 mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with $1\;{\times}\;10^5$ cells of P388. Mice were injected at the same site with $5\;{\times}\;10^5\;PFU$ of recombinant vaccinia virus; first, 3 days after the injection of tumor cells and thereafter once every week for 3 weeks. Intraperitoneal injections of RVVmIL-4 significantly prolonged the survival time of mice inoculated with tumor cells. All mice injected with RVVmIL-4 remained alive for 30 days after the postinoculation of tumor cells, while 100% and 70% of the animals injected with saline or wild type vaccinia virus died, respectively. In another tumor model using TS/A, tumor was established by subcutaneously inoculating $2{\times}10^5$ tumor cells to BALB/c mice. After tumor formation was confirmed on day 4 in all mice, $5\;{\times}\;10^6\;PFU$ of RVVmIL-4 was inoculated subcutaneously three times, once every week for 3 weeks. The TS/A tumor was eradicated in two of the nine mice. Seven of the nine mice treated with RVVmIL-4 developed a tumor, but tumor growth was significantly delayed compared to those treated with saline or wild type vaccinia virus. These results indicate that recombinant vaccinia viruses may be used as a convenient tool for delivering immunomodulator genes to a variety of tumors.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.136-141
• /
• 2011

In other previous in vitro tests, the hyphal growth of Raffaelea quercivorus was inhibited by the treatments of various concentration of nano-silver. In this field tests, treatment of different concentrations of nano-silver to oak trees in Cheolwon and Hongcheon sites showed the inhibition effects against wilt disease caused by Raffaelea quercivorus. However, nano-silver-treated oak tree in Chuncheon site showed mild wilt symptoms with no phytotoxicity. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation confirmed that the spore and hypha of Raffaelea sp. inside the vessels were damaged by nano-silver. This result indicates the application of nanosilver is effective for control of Raffaelea quercivorus in the field.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.163-176
• /
• 2009

Investigating endophyte distribution, naturally occurring in native grasses, is important for understanding endophyte-grass associations and using the beneficial effects of endophytes in cultivated plants. The goal of this study was to investigate endophytes from natural Festuca spp. in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan Provinces of China, and to study the compatibility between the endophytes and turf type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) which is widely used for lawn and athletic fields in that region. Of 628 accessions in F. ovina, 421 had endophytes identified in leaf sheath from on-site microscopic examination. From Festuca spp, three isolates were obtained from the seeds and ninety isolates were obtained from seedlings established from the collected seeds. The isolates from F. ovina and F. stapfii were tentatively identified as Neotyphodium typhinum and Neotyphodiumstarii, respectively. We tested compatibility of the two fungal species with seven tall fescue cultivars, Little Hero, Sub Boy, Eldorado, Arid III, Millennium, Crossfire, and Fawn. N. typhinum or N. starii did not infect 'Fawn' with either seed injection or seed soaking method. The highest infection rate byboth N. typhinum and N. starii was in 'Sun Boy' and 'Eldorado'. There were significant interaction effects between tall fescue cultivar and type of endophyte on infection.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.367-381
• /
• 2020

This paper presents the seal material mixing ratio of tunnel umbrella arch reinforcement method. Currently, there is no clear standard for the proper gelation time and curing time of the Seal material in Korea, and the quality control is also difficult because it cannot be verified. In response, the ratio of the mixture of the seal material was composed of four types of indoor experiments, and the amount of gelation time and bleed was checked. In addition, a non-cart penetration test confirmed the curing time and compared the ratio of each combination. Further experiments on W/C 120% identified the effect of mixing speed and time on the seal material. A total of three field experiments were conducted based on indoor experiments, and the size and strength of bulb formation were compared by checking the curing time of the specimen and main injection. Comparisons show that the lower W/C, the stronger the strength, the larger the size of the bulb, and the faster the hardening time appears. Based on the results of the gelation time and curing time, it was deemed that the mixing ratio of W/C 120% is most appropriate when applied to the actual site.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.208-221
• /
• 2000

The objective of this research was to compare the flushing effects using 1:1,000 diluted heparin or 0.9% normal saline in relation to needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The comparative categories were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. The design of research was a Nonequivalent Control group, Post test, Nonsynchrorized Design. The independent variable was 0.9% normal saline flushing the IV locks and the dependent variables were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. Subjects were medical-surgical inpatients over 15 years old and with peripherally placed IVs who were hospitalized in a university medical center. Exclusion criteria included foreigners and those who were rejected for this research. The final sample for data analysis included 295 IV sites in 194 patients; 154 were in the saline group and 141 were in the heparin group. Subjects were assigned to have IV locks is flushed with 0.9% normal saline in the experimental group and to have IV lock flushed with 1:1,000 diluted heparin(100 units) in the control group. In order to increase reliability, the nurses who were assigned to the units involved in the study received an explanation on the standard method for locking an IV, recording method for observational data and criteria for the detection of phlebitis. Data were collected for a period of 2 weeks, from March 16, 2000 to March 29, 2000. Total duration of IV was defined the time of IV insertion to the time of discontinuation. Phlebitis was defined as the presence of the following : pain, swelling. erythema at the insertion site. Chi-square was used to determine the association between the degree of clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis for the diluted heparin or the normal saline and needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The results are summarized as follows : (a) There was difference in the degree of clotting between two groups($X^2=5.882$, p=.015). (b) There was no difference in the degree of duration of patency between two groups($X^2=2.439$, p=.295). (c) There was no difference in the incidence of phlebitis between two groups($X^2=0.190$, p=.663). (d) There was difference in the degree of clotting($X^2=6.209$, p=.013) and in the degree of duration of patency($X^2=6.978$, p=.031) according the needle guage between the two groups. (e) There was difference in the incidence of phlebitis($X^2=5.008$, p=.025) according to the frequencies of IV injection between two groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 1999

The effect of a chronic inflammation (cell-mediated immune response) on energy metabolism and growth performance was assessed in weanling piglets. Twenty four barrows of 4 wk of age were assigned to one of two immunization treatments : Control group [CON: immunized with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (lFA)] or Immunization group [IMMU: immunized with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)]. On d0, piglets were weaned and subcutaneously immunized at the medial side of the femur with 2 ml of IFA or CFA, respectively. Energy and nitrogen balances were measured per group during 13-d balance period, and total $(HP_{tot})$, activity-related ($(HP_{act})$) and non-activity-related $(HP_{cor})$ heat production were determined every 9-min by indirect calorimetry. Ig total titers to Mycobacterium butyricum, which is present in CFA, were higher (p<0.01) in IMMU than in CON on d13 (2.5 vs 1.8) and d20 (2.9 vs 1.8) after immunization. There were no differences (p>0.10) between treatments in rectal temperature, performance, feed intake, and availability and partitioning of energy during the balance period. Average daily feed intake was numerically higher in IMMU than in CON (0.34 vs 0.32 kg/d), but there was no difference (p>0.10) in metabolizability of the dietary energy between treatments. $HP_{act}/HP_{tot}$ was 16.24 and 16.89%, and retained energy was 251 and 268 $268\;kJ{\cdot}kg^{0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ for CON and IMMU, respectively. Numerically, maintenance requirement of IMMU was even lower than that of CON $(419\;vs\;427\;kJ{\cdot}kg^{0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1})$. The present study suggests that a chronic inflammation has no effect on energy metabolism and growth performance, in spite of the difference in systemic antibody responses. The reason was considered to be due to locally induced immune response, resulting from the possible encapsulation at the site of injection, and/or to a low systemic immune stress which is within a functionally acceptable physiological range for the piglets.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.391-398
• /
• 2010

Objective : This study was designed to validate the cell trafficking efficiency of the in vivo bioluminescence image (BLI) study in the setting of transplantation of the luciferase expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), which were delivered at each different time after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a mouse model. Methods : Transplanting donor BMSC were prepared by primary cell culture from transgenic mouse expressing luciferase (LUC). Transient focal infarcts were induced in 4-6-week-old male nude mice. The experiment mice were divided into five groups by the time of MSC transplantation : 1) sham-operation group, 2) 2-h group, 3) 1-day group, 4) 3-day group, and 5) 1-week group. BLI for detection of spatial distribution of transplanted MSC was performed by detecting emitted photons. Migration of the transplanted cells to the infarcted area was confirmed by histological examinations. Differences between groups were evaluated by paired t-test. Results : A focal spot of bioluminescence was observed at the injection site on the next day after transplantation by Signal intensity of bioluminescence. After 4 weeks, the mean signal intensities of 2-h, 1-day, 3-day, and 1-week group were $2.6{\times}10^7{\pm}7.4{\times}10^6$. $6.1{\times}10^6{\pm}1.2{\times}10^6$, $1.7{\times}10^6{\pm}4.4{\times}10^5$, and $8.9{\times}10^6{\pm}9.5{\times}10^5$, respectively. The 2-h group showed significantly higher signal intensity (p<0.01). The engrafted BMSC showed around the infarct border zones on immunohistochemical examination. The counts of LUC-positive cells revealed the highest number in the 2-h group, in agreement with the results of BLI experiments (p<0.01). Conclusion : In this study, the results suggested that the transplanted BMSC migrated to the infarct border zone in BLI study and the higher signal intensity of LUC-positive cells seen in 2 hrs after MSC transplantation in MCAO mouse model. In addition, noninvasive imaging in real time is an ideal method for tracking stem cell transplantation. This method can be widely applied to various research fields of cell transplantation therapy.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.104-113
• /
• 2016

This study analyzes correlation between methane gas production and injection of food waste water to motivate to expand renewable energy as a way of GHG (Green House Gas) mitigation to achieve the national GHG target proposed for the climate agreement in Paris last year. Pretreatment of food waste water was processed with pH 6 at $35^{\circ}C$ and used the fixed-bed upflow type reactor with the porous media. As a result of operation of pilot-scaled bioreactor with food waste water, the methane gas production was 6 times higher than the methane gas production of control group with rain water. The average production of methane was $56{\ell}/day/m^3$ which is possible to produce $20m^3$ of methane in $1m^3$ of landfill. As a way of energy source, when it is applied to the landfill over $250,000m^3$, it is also able to achieve financial feasibility along with GHG reduction effect. GHG reductions of $250,000m^3$ scale landfill were assessed by registered CDM project and the annual amount of reductions was 40,000~50,000 $tCO_2e$.