• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

The stimulus of accommodation A, the stimulus of convergence C and the prism diopter ${\Delta}$ are reviewed and redefined more obviously. How the A and C are managed in the practice are reviewed and summarized. As a result, the common practical process of the binocular vision findings is most suitable in the case of the $l_c=26.67mm$, where the near distance is measured from the test lens to the near target and its value is 40 cm and the average of the P.D equal to 64 mm. The $l_c$ is the distance between the test lens and the center of rotation. Those values were used at calculating the various values in this paper. The error of the stimulus of accommodation values which are evaluated by the practically used formula (5) are calculated. Where the distance between lens and the principle point of eye is 15.07 mm ($=l_H$). The incremental stimulus of convergence values P' caused by the addition prism $P_m$ are evaluated by the recursion computation method. The P' are varied with the $P_m$, the distance $p_c$ between the prism and the center of rotation, the initial convergence value (or inverse target distance) $C_o$ and the refractive index n of the prism material. The recursion computation method and the other formulas are described in detail. In this paper n=1.7 is used. The two factors by which the P' is increased are exist. The one which is major is the property by which the values of convergence whose unit is ${\Delta}$ are not added in the generally way. The other is the that the actual power of the prism is varied with the angle of incidence light. And the P' is decreased remarkably by an increase in the $p_c$ and $C_o$. The $P^{\prime}/P_m$ are calculated and graphed which are varied with the $p_c$ and $C_o$, where the $P_m=20{\Delta}$, P.D=64 mm and n=1.7. The index n dependence of the $P^{\prime}/P_m$ is negligible (refer to fig. 6). The $p_c$ are evaluated at which the P' equal to the $P_m$ for various $P_m$ (refer to table 1). The actual values of the stimulus of convergence and accommodation which are manipulated simply in the practice are calculated. Two graphical forms are suggested. The one is like as the commonly used one. But the stimulus of convergence and of accommodation values in the practice are positioned at the exact positions when the graphic is made (refer to fig. 9). The other is the form that the incremental stimulus of convergence values caused by the addition prisms are represented at actual positions (refer to fig. 11).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) to investigate whether the DWI parameters can predict characteristic parameters on pathologic specimens of tumor or not. CFPAC-1 was injected subcutaneously on the back flank of athymic nude mice (n=13) then two tumors were initiated on each mouse (2${\times}$13=26 tumors). The mice were sacrificed to make specimen immediately after initial MR imaging then were compared with the MR image. A dedicated high-field (7T) small-animal MR scanner was used for image acquisitions. A T1 and T2 weighted axial image using RARE technique was acquired to measure the T2 values and tumor size. DWI MR was performed for calculating ADC values. To evaluate tumor cellularity and determine the levels of MVD, tumor cells were excised and processed for H-E staining and immunostaining using CD31. T2 values and ADC values were computed and analyzed for each half of the tumors and compared to the correlated specimens slide. Median ADC within each half of mass was compared to the cellularity and MVD in the correlated area of pathologic slide. The mean of ADC value is $0.7327{\times}10^{-3}$ $mm^2/s$ and standard deviation is $0.1075{\times}10^{-3}$ $mm^2/s$. There is a linear relationship between ADC value and tumor necrosis (R2=0.697, p< 0.001). DW image parameters including the ADC values can be utilized as surrogate markers to assess intratumoral neoangiogenesis and change of the internal structure of tumor cells.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2005

Purpose : Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common causes of unexplained fever in children. It may lead to the development of progressive renal damage. However, the deteclion of acute pyelonephritis can be difficult, especially in infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of various lab tests and imaging studies for acute renal parenchymal changes in children with APN. We correlated the clinical and laboratory manifestations of acute pyelonephritis with the Imaging studies. Methods : We reviewed the records of 115 children (85 males and 30 females) who were hospitalized Outing the period of January 1998 to December 2002 with initial clinical symptoms suggestive of pyelonephritis. The patients' age, sex, duration of fever, laboratory findings, and causative organisms were compared with the findings of imaging studies (Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan, renal ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography, voiding cystourethrography). Results : No significant relation between the number of febrile days, leukocyte count, causative organism, and the renal abnormalities in the imaging studies were observed. On the other hand, both C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were significantly elevated in children with positive dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan. Furthermore, females and children older than 1 year presented with significantly higher rate of abnormal dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan findings and vesicoureteral reflux presented by voiding cystourethrography. Conclusion : We recommend females and children older than 1 year who are suspected of acute pyelonephritis be evaluated carefully for renal involvement by performing imaging studies including dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan and voiding cystourethrography. (J Koroan Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:201-212)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of coated urea complex fertilizer(CUC) on the growth and quality of rice in high-ridged dry seeding and infant -seedling machine transplanting on clay loam and sandy loam in Milyang, Korea, 1993. The CUC level applicated was 100 %, 80 %, 60% and 40% to standard application amount of fertilizer. Results obtained were as follows : 1. The nitrogen releasing rate in dry seeding was 83% for sandy loam, 81% in clay loam for 3.5 months after initial releasing, and in infant-seedling was 89% in both soil types for 4 months. 2. The degree of rice leaf color was the highest at the heading stage, and was high with increasing CUC application level regardless of cultural methods, especially was higher at harvesting stage in the 100% level of CUC to standard application amount of fertilizer than conventional fertilizer. 3. The perfect rice grain ratio was higher in infant-seedling than in dry seeding, but lowered with increasing CUC application level regardless of cultural methods. The green kerneled rice ratio among imperfect rice grain was high in dry seeding, and the notched belly rice kernel ratio was high in infant-than infant-seedling of the both soil types, and increased with increasing CUC application level. 4. Hon-value in rice grain was higher at the treatment of CUC application than conventional fertilizer in dry seeding. However, it was contrary result in infant seedling, and was low tendency with decreasing CUC application. On the other hand, the protein in rice grain was also same tendency of Hon-value. Cel-consistency related to eating quality was longer with increasing CUC application level regardless of cultural methods. However, there was no clear tendency at clay loam. 5. No significant difference between rice yield and CUC application in the range of 60% to 100% at both soil types in dry seeding was observed. These results appeared in clay loam under infant seedling except sandy loam. Accordingly, it was thought that 60% level of CUC to standard application amount of fertilizer could be applicated for growth and quality of rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1120-1125
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• 2012

To assess fertilizer value of an quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer, aerobic incubation experiment using two texturally contrasting loam (L) and sandy loam (SL) soils was conducted for 60 days to investigate temporal variations in N mineralization pattern of the liquid fertilizer applied. To do so, the quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer was prepared, applied to each soil at a rate of 200 kg-N $ha^{-1}$ and aerobically $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark. During incubation, soil water content was adjusted to field moisture capacity (-33 kPa of soil matric potential) by adding distilled water as necessary to maintain their initial weights. At desired time of incubation (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after incubation), soil was sampled and analyzed for inorganic nitrogen ($NH_4{^+}$-N and $NO_3{^-}$-N) concentrations, pH, EC, total carbon contents and total nitrogen contents. Concentrations of $NH_4{^+}$-N began to decrease right after incubation for L soils, and 10 days after incubation for SL soils, while those of $NO_3{^-}$-N began to increase onset of $NH_4{^+}$-N disappearance. The results of this study showed that quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer could serve as an alternative to chemical N fertilizer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary Escherichia coli phytase supplementation on growth performance, carcass quality and excretion of copper and zinc concentrations in finishing pigs. The total of seventy two [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs(65.43±0.72 kg in average initial body weight) were used in 56 days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet) 2) P5(basal diet+phytase 0.05%) and 3) P10 (basal diet + phytase 0.1%). There were three dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, ADFI(Average daily feed intake) was increased (P<0.05) in phytase supplementation treatments compared to CON treatment. At the 5th week, dry matter, nitrogen and ash digestibilities were higher in P5 treatment than in CON and P10 treatments(P<0.05) and CON treatment showed the lowest effect on nutrition digestibility(P<0.05). However, phosphorus digestibility was higher in both phytase supplementation treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). The pH of M. logissimus dorsi was significantly higher in CON treatment than phytase supplementation treatments(P<0.05). L* value of M. logissimus dorsi muscle color was significantly increased(P<0.05) in P10 treatment compared to CON and P5 treatments. Also, a* value was increased (P<0.05) in CON treatment compared with phytase supplementation treatments. However, excretion of copper and zinc concentrations were no significant difference among the treatments. In conclusion, the effect of Escherichia coli phytase showed in ADFI, digestibilities, pH and color of meat in finishing pigs.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose : To quantify the inter-fractional variation in prostate displacement and their dosimetric effects for prostate cancer treatment. Materials and Methods : A total of 176 daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) sets acquired for 6 prostate cancer patients treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were retrospectively reviewed. For each patient, the planning CT (pCT) was registered to each daily CBCT by aligning the bony anatomy. The prostate, rectum, and bladder were delineated on daily CBCT, and the contours of these organs in the pCT were copied to the daily CBCT. The concordance of prostate displacement, deformation, and size variation between pCT and daily CBCT was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results : The mean volume of prostate was 37.2 cm3 in the initial pCT, and the variation was around ${\pm}5%$ during the entire course of treatment for all patients. The mean DSC was 89.9%, ranging from 70% to 100% for prostate displacement. Although the volume change of bladder and rectum per treatment fraction did not show any correlation with the value of DSC (r=-0.084, p=0.268 and r=-0.162, p=0.032, respectively), a decrease in the DSC value was observed with increasing volume change of the bladder and rectum (r=-0.230,p=0.049 and r=-0.240,p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion : Consistency of the volume of the bladder and rectum cannot guarantee the accuracy of the treatment. Our results suggest that patient setup with the registration between the pCT and daily CBCT should be considered aligning soft tissue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.639-648
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• 2010

The optimal conditions for the analysis of BPA by HPLC-MS/MS was investigated and the ultrasound degradation capacity of the BPA, with the goal to establish the proper directions for analyzing infinitesimal quantities of BPA by HPLC-MS/MS was examined. The MDL and LOQ of BPA analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS were measured 0.13 nM and 1.3 nM respectively, its sensitivity about 620 and 32 times greater than HPLC-UV (MDL: 81.1 nM, LOQ: 811 nM) and FLD (MDL: 4.6 nM, LOQ: 46 nM). In other words, the new method enables the analysis of BPA with the accuracy up to one 1,180th of the amount specified in U.S. EPA guideline for drinking water. Degradation rate of BPA by ultrasound measured over 95% under 580 kHz and 1000 kHz frequency within 30 minutes of treatment, whereas the rate showed some decrease at 28 kHz frequency. At 580 kHz of ultrasound has proven to be the most effective among others at degradation rate and $k_1$ value, so we concluded that this frequency of ultrasound creates hospitable condition for the combined process of degradation by pyrolysis and oxidization. With the addition of 0.01 mM of $CCl_4$, BPA with the initial concentration of 1 ${\mu}M$ was degraded by more than 98% within 30 minutes, the $k_1$ value measured 5 minutes and 30 minutes into the experiment both showed increases by 1.4 and 1.1 times, respectively, compared with BPA without $CCl_4$. It is also found that the main degradation mechanism of BPA by ultrasound is oxidization process by OH radical, based on the fact that the addition of 10 mM of t-BuOH decreased the rate of BPA degradation by around 60%. However, 33% of BPA degradation rate obtained with the addition of t-BuOH implies further degradation done by pyrolysis or other sorts of radical beside OH radical.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1972

The liming effect of the four different siliceous materials with six grades of fineness were investigated in comparison with limestone under the submerged condition for three months, and the alkalinity extracted by 0.07N-EDTA and N-NaOAc solutions were determined to evaluate the neutralizing power of these materials. 1. Fused phosphate took 20 days with finer particles than 60 mesh (Tyler), 34 days with -40+48 mesh particles and 84 days with -20+25 mesh particles to reach the pH 5.5 from pH 4.0 of initial soil pH. These adjusted soil acidities were less 1.0-0.5 unit of pH compared with the pH of particles of limestone. 2. The basic reduction furnace slag increased the pH value to 5.5 in the finer particles than 100 mesh, but the other coarse particles appeared to have slow changes of the soil acidity to pH 4.5-4.7 for the three months. Wollastonite didn't affect the increase of soil pH in coarser particles than 25 mesh whereas other finer particles increased upto pH 4.5-5.0. Blast furnace slag is definitely slower through all sizes of particles. 3. In the relationship between the adjusted soil acidities and alkalinities dissolved in EDTA and NaOAc solution, NaOAc-alkalinity agreed quite closely to the activity of neutralizing value of silicates and limestone containing fineness of particles. The correlation coefficients between the amended soil acidities and NaOAc-alkalinities were stabilized with high significance at the 8 days after water logging and 16 days with the EDTA-alkalinities.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1081-1089
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• 1996

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum has continued to have a high surgical mortality and morbidity. This mAy attribute to the non-uniformity of the anomaly. We reviewed a total of 34 infants with pulmonary atresla and intact ventricular septum managed in this hospital between 1987 and 1995. Mean age and body weight were 57.2 (range, 3-208) days and 4.1 (range, B.3∼6.8) kg. The preoperative Z-value of the diameter of the tricuspid valve was less than -2 in 85.2% of patients and less than -4 in 33. 3% . It is well correlated w th right ventricular cavity size (n=27. r10.68, p< 0.05). Coronary artery-right ventricular fistulas were identified in 3 patients, and right ventricular dependency was suspected in 1 Over All hospital mortality was 23.5%(8/34), although it decreased to 16.6%(4124) in 1990s. Subsequent procedures were performed in 6 patients between 3 days and 58 months after Initial palliation : one bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and 1 Fontan operation after systemic-pulmonary shunt, 3 transannular patch + atrial septal defect closure and 1 additional systemic-pulmonary shunt after polmonary valvectomy or valvotomy. Changes of Z-values of the diameter of tricuspid valve have been followed up in 11 patients between 1 and 66 months postoperatively. Z-values were increased In 5 out of 8 transannular right ventriculAr outflow tract enlargement group and in 1 out of 3 pulmonary valvectomy or valvotomy group. Our data suggest that tailoring a treatment to right ventricular cavity size and coronary anom lies may improve the surgical outcome. A Z-value of the tricuspid valve diameter could be used.