• Title/Summary/Keyword: Information matrix

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Fast Detection of Power Lines Using LIDAR for Flight Obstacle Avoidance and Its Applicability Analysis (비행장애물 회피를 위한 라이다 기반 송전선 고속탐지 및 적용가능성 분석)

  • Lee, Mijin;Lee, Impyeong
    • Spatial Information Research
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.75-84
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    • 2014
  • Power lines are one of the main obstacles causing an aircraft crash and thus their realtime detection is significantly important during flight. To avoid such flight obstacles, the use of LIDAR has been recently increasing thanks to its advantages that it is less sensitive to weather conditions and can operate in day and night. In this study, we suggest a fast method to detect power lines from LIDAR data for flight obstacle avoidance. The proposed method first extracts non-ground points by eliminating the points reflected from ground surfaces using a filtering process. Second, we calculate the eigenvalues for the covariance matrix from the coordinates of the generated non-ground points and obtain the ratio of eigenvalues. Based on the ratio of eigenvalues, we can classify the points on a linear structure. Finally, among them, we select the points forming horizontally long straight as power-line points. To verify the algorithm, we used both real and simulated data as the input data. From the experimental results, it is shown that the average detection rate and time are 80% and 0.2 second, respectively. If we would improve the method based on the experiment results from the various flight scenario, it will be effectively utilized for a flight obstacle avoidance system.

Rolling Horizon Implementation for Real-Time Operation of Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model (동적통행배정모형의 실시간 교통상황 반영)

  • SHIN, Seong Il;CHOI, Kee Choo;OH, Young Tae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.135-150
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    • 2002
  • The basic assumption of analytical Dynamic Traffic Assignment models is that traffic demand and network conditions are known as a priori and unchanging during the whole planning horizon. This assumption may not be realistic in the practical traffic situation because traffic demand and network conditions nay vary from time to time. The rolling horizon implementation recognizes a fact : The Prediction of origin-destination(OD) matrices and network conditions is usually more accurate in a short period of time, while further into the whole horizon there exists a substantial uncertainty. In the rolling horizon implementation, therefore, rather than assuming time-dependent OD matrices and network conditions are known at the beginning of the horizon, it is assumed that the deterministic information of OD and traffic conditions for a short period are possessed, whereas information beyond this short period will not be available until the time rolls forward. This paper introduces rolling horizon implementation to enable a multi-class analytical DTA model to respond operationally to dynamic variations of both traffic demand and network conditions. In the paper, implementation procedure is discussed in detail, and practical solutions for some raised issues of 1) unfinished trips and 2) rerouting strategy of these trips, are proposed. Computational examples and results are presented and analyzed.

Genomic partitioning of growth traits using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array in Hanwoo (Korean cattle)

  • Park, Mi Na;Seo, Dongwon;Chung, Ki-Yong;Lee, Soo-Hyun;Chung, Yoon-Ji;Lee, Hyo-Jun;Lee, Jun-Heon;Park, Byoungho;Choi, Tae-Jeong;Lee, Seung-Hwan
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.10
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    • pp.1558-1565
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    • 2020
  • Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the number of loci affecting growth traits and the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects on growth traits, and to understand the genetic architecture for growth traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) using genome-wide association study (GWAS), genomic partitioning, and hierarchical Bayesian mixture models. Methods: GWAS: A single-marker regression-based mixed model was used to test the association between SNPs and causal variants. A genotype relationship matrix was fitted as a random effect in this linear mixed model to correct the genetic structure of a sire family. Genomic restricted maximum likelihood and BayesR: A priori information included setting the fixed additive genetic variance to a pre-specified value; the first mixture component was set to zero, the second to 0.0001×σ2g, the third 0.001×σ2g, and the fourth to 0.01×σ2g. BayesR fixed a priori information was not more than 1% of the genetic variance for each of the SNPs affecting the mixed distribution. Results: The GWAS revealed common genomic regions of 2 Mb on bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14) and 3 had a moderate effect that may contain causal variants for body weight at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. This genomic region explained approximately 10% of the variance against total additive genetic variance and body weight heritability at 12, 18, and 24 months. BayesR identified the exact genomic region containing causal SNPs on BTA14, 3, and 22. However, the genetic variance explained by each chromosome or SNP was estimated to be very small compared to the total additive genetic variance. Causal SNPs for growth trait on BTA14 explained only 0.04% to 0.5% of the genetic variance Conclusion: Segregating mutations have a moderate effect on BTA14, 3, and 19; many other loci with small effects on growth traits at different ages were also identified.

Continuous Speech Recognition based on Parmetric Trajectory Segmental HMM (모수적 궤적 기반의 분절 HMM을 이용한 연속 음성 인식)

  • 윤영선;오영환
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2000
  • In this paper, we propose a new trajectory model for characterizing segmental features and their interaction based upon a general framework of hidden Markov models. Each segment, a sequence of vectors, is represented by a trajectory of observed sequences. This trajectory is obtained by applying a new design matrix which includes transitional information on contiguous frames, and is characterized as a polynomial regression function. To apply the trajectory to the segmental HMM, the frame features are replaced with the trajectory of a given segment. We also propose the likelihood of a given segment and the estimation of trajectory parameters. The obervation probability of a given segment is represented as the relation between the segment likelihood and the estimation error of the trajectories. The estimation error of a trajectory is considered as the weight of the likelihood of a given segment in a state. This weight represents the probability of how well the corresponding trajectory characterize the segment. The proposed model can be regarded as a generalization of a conventional HMM and a parametric trajectory model. The experimental results are reported on the TIMIT corpus and performance is show to improve significantly over that of the conventional HMM.

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A Study on the Biotope Evaluation and Classification of Urban Forests for Landscape Ecological Management (경관생태학적 도시숲 관리를 위한 비오톱 평가지표 및 유형 분류에 관한 연구)

  • Oh, Jeong-Hak;Cho, Jae-Hyung;Cho, Hyun-Je;Choi, Myoung-Sub;Kwon, Jino
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.101-111
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    • 2008
  • To provide more natural elements in the harsh urban environment, 'planting trees as urban forests' has been emphasized as having an important role, and trees are expected to be as functional as the trees under more natural conditions in rural areas, and provide people with benefits. To do this, urban forest policies needed a better idea of planting methods and management of trees through the theory of landscape ecology, and also the feedback system according to the evaluation and assessment of urban forests. In this case study, a new principle and assessment indices for the evaluation are applied for the 4 urban forests in two Korean metropolitan cities, Daejeon and Ulsan. The evaluation of Korean urban forest-function as biotope and the assessment for the classification of biotope diversity types are carried out. The AUEM(Adding Up Estimation Matrix) is applied for the analysis of urban forests. Unlikely previous researches on the other Korean metropolitan cities, the size of urban forest has less influence on the vegetation diversity. The most frequent biotope grade is the 3rd grade at Namseon park and Mt. Hamwol, while Mt. Bomun and Mt. Yeompo show the 4th grade. The grades of forest-function as biotope are from 3rd to 5th in which lower than average in forest-function grades. This means that the 4 sites are still not-matured forests and less-functional forests as the urban biotope.

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A study on the constitution of S box and G function in SEED-type cipher (SEED 형식 암호에서 S 박스와 G 함수 구성에 관한 연구)

  • 송홍복;조경연
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.27 no.4A
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    • pp.291-300
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    • 2002
  • In this paper, a way of constituting optimized S box and G function was suggested in the block cipher whose structure is similar to SEED, which is KOREA standard of 128-bit block cipher. S box can be formed with nonlinear function and an affine transform. Nonlinear function must be strong with differential attack and linear attack, and it consists of an inverse number over GF(2$\^$8/) which has neither a fixed point, whose input and output are the same except 0 and 1, nor an opposite flexed number, whose output is one's complement of the input. Affine transform can be constituted so that the input/output correlation can be the lowest and there can be no fixed point or opposite fixed point. G function undergoes diffusive linear transform with 4 S-box outputs using the matrix of 4$\times$4 over GF(2$\^$8/). G function can be constituted so that MDS(Maximum Distance Separable) code can be formed, SAC(Strict Avalanche Criterion) can be met, there can be no weak input, where a fried point, an opposite fried point, and output can be two's complement of input, and the construction of hardware can be made easy. The S box and G function suggested in this paper can be used as a constituent of the block cipher with high security, in that they are strong with differential attack and linear attack with no weak input and they are excellent at diffusion.

Performance Analysis of Complex Phase-code for Phase Multiplexes Holographic Memory System (위상 다중화 홀로그래픽 메모리 시스템을 위한 CPC 위상코드의 성능 분석)

  • 조병철;김정진;김은수
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.28 no.1C
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2003
  • In this paper, performance of the CPC(complex phase code) which is recently proposed as a practical phase encoding method for phase-code multiplexes holographic memory system is comparatively analyzed with those of the conventional phase codes such as PR(pure random code), RCE(random code with equality), WHM(Walsh Hadamard Matrix). In computer simulation, the size of an address bean is fixed at 32$\times$32 pixels and 0%-25% phase-error ratio in a pixel are intentionally added to the real phase values to consider the nonlinear phase-modulation characteristics of the practical spatial light modulator. From comparative analysis of crosstalks and signal-to-noise ratios for these phase codes by calculating auto-correlation and cross-correlation, it is found that the CPC have the lowest cross-correlation mean value of 0.021, the lowest standard deviation of 0.0113 and the highest signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of 27.4 among the four types of phase code. In addition, from the calculation of the number of all possible address beams for these four types of phase code as the size of the address beam is fixed to 3232 pixels, the CPC is found to have 6.334$\times$10$^{49}$ address beams, which are relatively higher number than that of the conventional phase codes.

A Marriage Problem Algorithm Based on Duplicated Sum of Inter-Preference Moving Method (중복된 최소 상호-호감도 합 이동방법을 적용한 결혼문제 알고리즘)

  • Lee, Sang-Un
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.107-112
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    • 2015
  • This paper proposes a simplified algorithm devised to obtain optimal solution to the marriage problem. In solving this problem, the most widely resorted to is the Gale-Shapley algorithm with the time complexity of $O({\mid}V{\mid}^2{\mid}E{\mid})$. The proposed algorithm on the other hand firstly constructs a $p_{ij}$ matrix of inter-preference sum both sexes' preference over the opposite sex. Secondly, it selects $_{min}p_i$ from each row to establish ${\mid}p_{.j}{\mid}{\geq}2,j{\in}S$, ${\mid}p_{.j}{\mid}=1$, $j{\in}H$, ${\mid}p_{.j}{\mid}=0$, $j{\in}T$. Finally, it shifts $_{min}\{_{min}p_{ST},p_{SH}+p_{HT\}$ for $_{min}P_{ST}$ of $S{\rightarrow}T$ and $p_{SH}+p_{HT}$, $p_{HT}<_{min}p_{ST}$ of $S{\rightarrow}H$, $H{\rightarrow}T$. The proposed algorithm has not only improved the Gale-Shapley's algorithm's complexity of $O({\mid}V{\mid}^2{\mid}E{\mid})$ to $O({\mid}V{\mid}^2)$ but also proved its extendable use on unbalanced marriage problems.

Development of the Model for Activity Based Costing in the Hospital (의료기관의 활동기준원가 산출 모형)

  • Chun, Ki-Hong;Cho, Woo-Hyun;Kim, Bo-Kyung;Kim, Byung-Cho
    • Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.37-69
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    • 2001
  • A new cost management system, called Activity Based Costing (ABC) system, has arisen to solve the limitation of a Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA) system until last two decades and ABC has been applied by many companies. TCA systems have limitation in tracing cost because they arbitrarily allocate overhead cost to the cost objects without standard for direct cost distribution. ABC is an accounting system that assigns costs to products or services based on the resources they consume. The costs of all activities are traced to the products for which they are performed. Therefore ABC is a cost management system that provides a matrix to accurately quantify consumed resources triggered by activities and activities triggered by products and services. There is little implementation of ABC in the health services field, one of service industries, due to complicated and many activities, and volatile cost object. However, the necessity for applying reasonable cost accounting system is largely issuing as strategy responding hostile environment, and financial pressure, and it is imperative to implement the Activity Based Costing (ABC) system. Therefore, this study presents the framework to develop ABC system for total health service organizations. Cost objects in this study base on medical service activities per health insurance claim from one general hospital located in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Medical service activities include all health insurance claims in the hospital. The purpose of the study is presenting useful tools and basic frame to develop Activity Based Costing system for health service organizations which want to use ABC system. The steps to develop ABC system for health service organizations are following: 1. Identifying of activity centers; 2. Definition of cost objects and activity by activity center; 3. Analysis of activity and tracing activity contribution; 4. Allocation of direct cost for specific activity; 5. Allocation of indirect cost for specific activity; 6. Allocation of depreciation for facilities, applicants, and consumption goods; 7. Allocation of administration cost; 8. Allocation of cost among activity centers; and 9. Tracing cost of cost objects by activity center. This study identified necessary information from existing reports which hospitals generally made by each step, and defined outcome which had to be produced in each step using this information. The steps of this study had limitation to apply all different size hospitals because the steps were structured ABC system by one hospital, however, this study used similar basic framework and methods with general cases. When a health service organization want to apply Activity Based Costing (ABC) system on all activities of it in future days, this study is very useful to design system structure in the health service organization.

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A Study on the Decline of 'Orientating Journalism' in Korean News Media: An Empirical Analysis of News Coverage of Major Newspapers and Terrestrial TV (매체 간 경쟁의 심화에 따른 안내적 저널리즘의 약화: 중앙종합언론의 보도에 대한 실증적 분석)

  • Jang, Ha-Yong
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.56
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    • pp.48-70
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    • 2011
  • Although many researchers propose that market-driven journalism is incurred by the worsening of financial situation as a result of intensifying competition in mass media industry, few studies investigated this claim with actual news data. This study analyzed the headline news of eight major newspapers and two terrestrial TV companies to find the weakening of 'orientating-journalism' function of Korean news media. The results revealed that the duplication rate of news items among ten news companies were decreasing, and the range of news subjects were broadened into diverse topics during last ten years. Therefore it seemed that the tendency of monopolization of a certain events or issues was weakening in news reporting. The financial situation of news companies is an important factor in explaining the change of news reporting. The companies with more worse financial situation have higher duplication rate of news topics along as the more amount of soft news items, leading to the gradual deterioration of their own voices in reporting. The rate of 'independent issue report' was also less than seven precent, thus their reporting is evaluated as having many limitations. In sum, the major newspapers and network broadcasting companies are still exerting strong influences in agenda-setting, but they(mostly newspapers) are suffering from the financial problems, resulting the deterioration of performing orientation journalism function. This study concluded with remarks about the role of major news media in current changing situation.

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