• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.329-338
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• 2010

Objective: This study was carried out to know whether cryopreservation of sibling 2PN zygotes could increase the cumulative delivery rates in the patients who had less than 10 fertilized zygotes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 138 in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles with less than 10 fertilized zygotes during January 2003 to December 2007 in Cheil General Hospital. These cycles were divided into two groups. In Group I (n=86), all fertilized embryos were cultured to transfer on day 3 without cryopreserved embryos at the 2PN stage. In Group II (n=52), among fertilized zygotes, some sibling zygotes were frozen at the 2PN stage, the remainder were cultured to transfer. Clinical outcomes in fresh ET cycles and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates after subsequent frozen-thawed (FT)-ET cycles were compared. Results: There were no significant differences in female mean age, number of retrieved oocytes and total fertilized embryos between two groups, Number of cultured embryos was significantly lower in Group II ($5.2{\pm}0.5$) than in Group I ($8.4{\pm}0.7$) (p<0.01). Also, number of transferred embryos was significantly lower in Group II ($3.3{\pm}0.6$) compared with Group I ($3.6{\pm}0.6$) (p<0.01). ${\beta}$-hCG positive rates and delivery rates (51.2 vs. 46.2 % and 41.9 vs. 34.6 %, respectively) after fresh ET were slightly higher in Group I than in Group II. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Also, the cumulative delivery rates after subsequent FT-ET cycles were not significantly different between Group I (48.8%) and Group II (50.0%). Conclusion: This study showed that cryopreservation of sibling 2PN zygotes from patients who had less than 10 zygotes in the fresh ET cycles did not increase cumulative delivery outcomes. But, it could provide an alternative choice for patients due to offering more chance for embryo transfers if pregnancy was failed in fresh IVF-ET cycles.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 1997

To evaluate the efficacy of transabdominal myomectomy in the management of infertile patients, and to analyze on the results of abdominal myomectomy in 38 infertile patients with no other detectable cause except myomas were undertaken at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Yonsei University Hospital from 1990 to 1996. The results are as follows; 1. Average age of patients was 31.1 years. The infertility duration ranged 12 months to 144 months, and average infertility period of patients was 29.4 months. 2. Fourteen of the 38 patients (8 of 23 patients with primary infertility, 6 of 15 patients with secondary infertility) conceived following myomectomy, with a pregnancy rate of 36.8%. 3. Patients with less than 4 years of infertility showed a higher pregnancy rate after myomectomy than those with more than 4 years of infertility (42.4% vs 0%, p<0.05). 4. Patients younger than 35 years showed significantly higher pregnancy rate than those older than 35 years (46.4% vs 9.0%, p<0.05). 5. The removal of a solitary myoma produced a significantly higher pregnancy rate than that of multiple myomas (47.8% vs 20.0%, p<0.05), and the size of the myomas did not influenced the pregnancy rate after myomectomy (p>0.1). 6. The average time period from operation to conception was 12.1 months. Eight of the 14 patients (57.1%) conceived in the first year after operation and 12 patients (85.7%) condeived within two years. In conclusion myomas are a possible cause of infertility and myomectomy can be strongly recommended with good success expectation for the infertile women if uterine myoma be considered as the main cause of infertility. And factors affecting the pregnancy rate after myomectomy in these patients are the age of the patient, the duration of infertiluty, and the number of myoma.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this paper is to report the effect of three different herb medication based on Shanghanlun(傷寒論) six differential diagnostic system. Methods : According to six differential diagnostic system based on Shanghanlun provisions, they were diagnosed with Taiyang-byung(大陽病), Yangmyung-byung(陽明病), Gwoleum-byung(厥陰病). They took different herb medications more than 6weeks according to their diagnosis. This paper evaluated the results of treatment by pregnancy test result with improvement of symptoms. Results : The symptoms of three patients were improved and became pregnant. Conclusions : This case study suggests that herb medication based on Shanghanlun(傷寒論) six differential diagnostic system have effectiveness on unexplained infertility. And we need to have a diversified and new perspectives in women's position about pregnancy with this system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2010

Purpose: Examine changes in the aspect and state of patient with infertility who admitted to Korean oriental hospital. Look at the changes in last 8 years and seek how oriental medicine can approach to infertility patients who admitted to Korean oriental hospital in last 8 years. Methods: Total of 7434 new patients with infertility who admitted to Gynecology of Oriental Hospital, $\bigcirc\bigcirc$ University Medical Center, from October 2002 to December 2009 was compared to infertility patients based on bottom collected data in this study, total of 1061 infertility patients were targeted for this study. Results: 1.There is no distinct increases in age between women who admitted to oriental medicine and patient's average age, it has shown constantly increasing trend in their age though. However, the average age of infertility patients have shown significant increasing range than average age of all infertility patients. 2. After analysis the result of infertility patient's rate of overall patients, the rate of infertility patients are remaining the same or slowing down in 2005, as the starting year(Table 2). The significant relationship was found in diagnosis and treatment of gynecology(Table 4~5) for infertility patients. In 2005 as the starting year, as patients who admitted to oriental hospital after diagnosed or treated at gynecology are increasing, the rate of infertility patients of overall patients admitted to hospital is slowing down, which is decreasing. 3. There is increasing number of patient diagnosed with "unknown cause" who admitted to Gynecology of Oriental Hospital after year of 2005. 4. The increasing number of patient diagnosed with "unknown cause" who admitted to oriental hospital has a tendency to be important factor in infertility treatment of oriental medicine. Conclusion: Unknown causes of infertility patients who admitted to oriental hospital will continuously increase as senses of society, economic, and social climate change.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2017

Purpose: This study examined degrees of irrational parenthood cognition, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), spousal support, and quality of life and investigated factors that influence the quality of life of infertile women. Methods: Research design was a cross sectional correlational survey with a total of 113 female patients receiving treatment for infertility. Data were collected from August 1 to November 30, 2015. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean score of the quality of life was $59.0{\pm}14.8$. The quality of life was significantly associated with irrational parenthood cognition (r=-.70), post traumatic stress disorder (r=-.65), and spousal support (r=.56). The factors significantly affecting the quality of life in infertile women were irrational parenthood cognition (${\beta}=-.45$), post traumatic stress disorder (${\beta}=-.34$), and spousal support (${\beta}=-.32$). The explained variance by these factors was 70.4%, and the regression model was valid (F=89.81, p<.001). Conclusion: This study may contribute to the development of nursing intervention program to improve the quality of life of infertile women.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.198-202
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• 2021

Considerable disagreement exists regarding whether endometrial polyps should be removed before attempting natural pregnancy and before pregnancy via intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Through a literature review, we obtained information on the impact of endometrial polyps and polypectomy on fertility outcomes. Several observational studies have suggested that women with unexplained infertility may benefit from endometrial polypectomy for a future natural pregnancy. A few studies reported benefits from endometrial polypectomy in infertile women who plan to undergo IUI. However, no strong evidence supports polypectomy as a way to improve the pregnancy rate in infertile women who plan to undergo IVF or polypectomy during controlled ovarian stimulation for IVF. Although no studies have defined criteria for the polyp size that should be removed in infertile women, clinicians should be aware that small endometrial polyps (<10 mm) sometimes regress spontaneously. Endometrial polypectomy is currently justified in patients with repeated IVF failure, but more studies are needed to verify that endometrial polypectomy itself will eventually increase the pregnancy rate. Although several mechanisms by which endometrial polyps exert a negative effect on fertility have emerged, there is no consensus about the proper management of endometrial polyps in infertile women. Therefore, the management of endometrial polyps should be individualized depending on the patient's situation and clinician's preference.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate use condition of Korean medical institution and demand of Korean Medical Treatment Project of Infertility in infertile couple. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to all members of the incorporated association AGAYA(http://www.agaya.org/) via e-mail and to infertile women who visited to Korean medicine OB & GY outpatient clinic of university Korean medicine hospitals of the country and an infertility specialized Korean medicine hospital. One hundred twenty four of completed questionnaires were analyzed. Results: 1. Korean medical institution utilization rate of infertile couple was 89.6% and was similar with western medical institution utilization rate of 87.1%. 2. 96.8% of infertile couple answered that Korean Medical Treatment Project of Infertility is necessary. And 90.3% of infertile couple answered that herbal medicines should be supported first of all. 3. 90.3% of infertile couple answered that they will participate if Korean Medical Treatment Project of Infertility go ahead. Conclusions: It was confirmed that most of the infertile couple have been received Korean medical treatment for infertility, and think that Korean Medical Treatment Project of Infertility is necessary.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.44-56
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was to analyze the status of patients with infertility in the department of oriental gynecology in an oriental medical hospital and propose infertility treatment in oriental medicine. Methods : This study was presented with 2,153 cases of infertile women who had visited the department of oriental gynecology in one oriental hospital in Seoul from 2002 to 2004. Results : The total number infertile patients has decreased year by year. The age range of patients was getting higher and the age group between 30 and 35 took up about one half of the total patients. The duration of infertility for less than 3 years held about 50-60% of the total patients, and the mean duration of infertility was $39.18{\pm}29.57$ months (2004). The most common occupations of females were professionals or administrative managers. The secondary infertility was increasing and unexplained infertility increased from 38.2% (in 2002) to 54.4% (in 2004). However the duration of treatment was shorter. This shows that the age range of the patients having oriental-medicine treatment is gradually getting higher and the number of the patients having oriental-medicine treatment and compliance is decreasing. Conclusions : More studies about objectification of oriental medicine need to precede any other studies. Then, it is thought to be necessary to rebuild cooperative relationships between oriental & western medicine through systematic research and political supports and to establish firm foundations of oriental medicine.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2016

Objective: To determine the preferred regimen for women with adenomyosis undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), we compared the IVF outcomes of fresh embryo transfer (ET) cycles with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist pretreatment and of frozenthawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles following GnRH agonist treatment. Methods: This retrospective study included 241 IVF cycles of women with adenomyosis from January 2006 to January 2012. Fresh ET cycles without (147 cycles, group A) or with (105 cycles, group B) GnRH agonist pretreatment, and FET cycles following GnRH agonist treatment (43 cycles, group C) were compared. Adenomyosis was identified by using transvaginal ultrasound at the initial workup and classified into focal and diffuse types. The IVF outcomes were also subanalyzed according to the adenomyotic region. Results: GnRH agonist pretreatment increased the stimulation duration ($11.5{\pm}2.1days$ vs. $9.9{\pm}2.0days$) and total dose of gonadotropin ($3,421{\pm}1,141IU$ vs. $2,588{\pm}1,192IU$), which resulted in a significantly higher number of retrieved oocytes ($10.0{\pm}8.2$ vs. $7.9{\pm}6.8$, p=0.013) in group B than in group A. Controlled ovarian stimulation for freezing resulted in a significantly higher number of retrieved oocytes ($14.3{\pm}9.2$ vs. $10.0{\pm}8.2$, p=0.022) with a lower dose of gonadotropin ($2,974{\pm}1,112IU$ vs. $3,421{\pm}1,141IU$, p=0.037) in group C than in group B. The clinical pregnancy rate in group C (39.5%) tended to be higher than those in groups B (30.5%) and A (25.2%) but without a significant difference. Conclusion: FET following GnRH agonist pretreatment tended to increase the pregnancy rate in patients with adenomyosis. Further largescale prospective studies are required to confirm this result.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1997

Cytogenetic observations of loss of the distal portion of the Y chromosome long arm were found to be associated with disrupted spermatogenesis. The existence of a gene involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis, the azoospermia factor (AZF), was postulated. In this study, we screened the AZF region including DAZ and DAZH genes and observed the expression pattern of DAZ and DAZH transcript in infertile men with azoospermia and oligospermia by using a sequence-tagged site (STS)-based PCR method. PCR primers were synthesized for 11 STSs that span Yq interval 6, SRY, DAZ, and DAZH, functional DAZ homologue on chromosome 3. Microdeletions were detected in 4/32 (12.5%) azoospermic men and 1/11 (9%) severe oligospermic men. Only 2 of 5 patients had microdeletions of Yq that contained the DAZ gene, whereas the other 3 patients had deletions extending from intervals 5L-6F proximal to the DAZ gene on Yq. Testis biopsies of the azoospermic patients revealed a variety from Sertoli cell-only syndrome to testicular maturation arrest. Of 4 men with clinical data available, average testis size was R: 13.8 cc, L: 13.8 cc, serum T was $4.0{\pm}1.25$ ng/ml, LH was $3.63{\pm}1.90$ mIU/ml, and FSH was $8.85{\pm}5.13$ mIU/ml. These values did not differ significantly from the remainder of the patients tested. We could not observed the DAZ transcript in 2 patients, who have no mature spermatozoa. In 11.6% of patients microdeletions of the AZF could be detected. These deletions in the AZF region seem to be involved causing spermatogenic failure. But the frequency of microdeletions proximal to DAZ suggests that DAZ is not the only gene associated with spermatogenic failure.