• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2018

It has been estimated that approximately 15% of reproductive-age couples suffer from infertility. Male factors contribute to almost half of infertility cases, and in many patients the underlying cause of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia is unknown. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a role as a contributing factor to male infertility, and reactive oxygen species have been shown to impair sperm function and motility and to damage sperm membrane and DNA. Therefore, this review explored the evidence provided by studies published from 2002 to 2017 on the impact of oral antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, and pentoxifylline) on seminal fluid parameters in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Most of the studies were randomized controlled studies that investigated the effect of single or combined antioxidants and reported improvements in at least one semen parameter. The most noteworthy effect that was found was that the use of multiple antioxidants increased sperm motility and concentration. Nonetheless, there is a lack of agreement on the dose, the duration of treatment, and whether individual or combined oral antioxidants should be used. Therefore, the current review provides evidence supporting the use of oral antioxidants in the treatment of infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.81-94
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to interpret a house as material into culture. Main method is an ethnographic interview with dwellers as a part of a participant observation, a kind qualitative study. Significantly two different types of folk housing are discovered in East and West areas of the Cheju Island. In the East, kitchen itself forms a separated building, Jeongji-gori, whereas in the West, kitchen is within a main building, An-gori. Different type of kitchen is formed by the different family system. While independent family system of son and father selects a separate kitchen building as a general rule of Cheju Island, an extended family system between father and son selects same kitchen, Jeongji-gori, in the east area. Natural environment of infertile soil of east area makes family work together and eat together. Inner space of the kitchen building is utilized not only in cooking but also in eating, working, and sleeping. In order to explain folk house type, a 'culture area' concept is suggested. The interrelated 'cultural type' of architecture behind a physical surface 'type' is suggested as a new typology.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.178-186
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of guided imagery on stress including cognitive, affective, marital and social, and anxiety among women receiving in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Data were collected between April, 21 and June, 17, 2008. The participants in this study were 57 women (26 for the experimental group, 31 for the control group) receiving IVF for primary or secondary infertility in one of the outpatient infertility centers in Seoul. The guided imagery (Suk, 2001) was provided through audio CD to the experimental group by themselves 8 minutes per day for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 windows program. Results: After guided imagery, the experimental group showed significantly lower affective stress and total stress scores. Anxiety scores increased significantly in the control group, but not in the experimental group after treatment. Conclusion: The findings suggest that guided imagery is an effective nursing intervention for reducing stress especially affective stress and anxiety among infertile women receiving IVF in outpatient infertility center.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1974

The experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of vitamin A by Carr-Price reaction ot fifty six sera obtained from normal cows and fourty four sera from the cows with ovarian hypofunction. The results obtained in this work were summerized as follows: 1. The mean values of vitamin A concentration of sera obtained from the cows with ovarian hypofunction were 88 IU/100 ml in summer (grazing), and in winter 79 IU/100 ml (hay) and 173 IU/100 ml (trench silage). The mean values of vitamin A concentration of sera from normal cows were 212 IU/100 ml in summer (grazing), and in winter 113IU/100 ml (hay) and 338IU/100 ml (trench silage). The differences of the concentrations of vitamin A among three groups were statistically highly significant (p<0.01). 2. The differences of vitamin A concentrations between the hay group and the trench silage group in normal cows and in cows with ovarian hypofunction were statistically highly significant (p<0.01). 3. The concentrations of vitamin A in summer group (grazing) were higher than those of the hay group in winter in normal cows and in cows with ovarian hypofunction. 4. The concentrations of vitamin A in the trench silage group in winter were higher than those of summer group (grazing) in normal cows and in cows with ovarian hypofunction.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 1987

Four foreign pasture cultivars such as Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, Trifolium pratense cv. Deben, Lolium perenne cv. $S_{23}$ and .Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ were tested with "Kwisan" series, a common upland soil in Southern part of Korea. The cultivars in single or mixture were grown in pot with two levels of light intensity, i.e. a full sun light condition and 50% interception. Dry matter yield of top and root and their seasonal changes, the number of tillers or branches per plant and finally competative effects of mixtures were evaluated by estimating the expected yield, relative yield totals and compensation index. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Maitland showed a significant decrease in dry matter yield in shade condition, but the number of branches of Maitland was higher than those of Deben. 2. Maitland showed higher dry matter yield than Deben during the mid-summer period, while $S_{23}$, showed higher dry matter yield than $S_{26}$ during early season. 3. Mixtures of $S_{23}$ and Maitland, and $S_{26}$ and Deben gave better response to grasses by increasing the number of tillers in shade condition. 4. Combinations of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland and Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ and Trifolium pratense cv. Deben and Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ gave higher relative yield totals and higher compensation index, which envisages that the pasture establishment rates can be enhanced when those mixtures were sown by the oversowing method in the upland soil where phosphate level is very low and infertile in general.n general.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.230-237
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of cattle sluny and zeolite application for the improvement of germination and establishment of grasses in infertile slopped land. The best establishment and winter survival of grasses were observed in the plot of cattle slurry application. The dry matter yield of grasses was increased by 12% in the plot of compaction + cattle slurry application when compared with control. Alteration effect of soil pH was v q high and the content of organic matter was increased by addition of the soil conditioner.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1997

An experiment of alum sludge application was carried out on a mountainous site, to know its effect on the growth of forage sorghum hybrid, Pioneer 93 1 (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor). When alum sludge with 80% water content was applied at the level of 133 ton per ha, the effect of the application on the growth of Pioneer 931 was much smaller than that of chemical fertilizer. But Eresh yield of the forage, with the sludge application, was greater than that without fertilizer when the soil is not fertile. But when the soil was comparatively fertile, the sludge application gave an adverse affect on the growth of the forage plant. The content of exchangeable K in the soil has a very close positive relation with the Eresh yield and plant height of the plant, while that of exchangeable Ca has a close negative relation with those growing factors. There was a tendency of yield decrease of the forage plant, when alum or compost was applied with NPK to the comparatively infertile soil especially for alum sludge. As a result, when soil is not fertile more attention will be necessary for applying alum sludge with chemical fertilizers. But to soil with better fertility, it is recommended to use alum sludge with chemical fertilizer to obtain more yield of the forage plant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.327-332
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• 1975

Parasitological and biochemical studies for 82 heads (12.2%) showing sterility syndrom out of 672 heads of Korean native cattle were undertaken by analysis of blood values for their contents and examination of their vaginal swabs for Tritrichomonas foetus 1. Tritrichomonas infection of Korean cattle revealed 7 positive cases (8.54%) out of 82 infertile heads. 2. Contents of their serum protean, carotenoid, vitamin A and phosphorus were determined in summer and winter season and the following results were obtained. a) In summer season, average blood value of 30 cattle showing sterility syndrom were determined as protein 7.52g/100ml, carotenoid 165.1g/100ml, vitamin A 173.9 IU/100ml and phosphorus 7.48mg/100ml, respectively. b) In winter. season, average blood value of 52 cattle showing sterility syndrom were determined as protein 7.76g/100ml, carotenoid 413.3g/100ml, vitamin A 174,3 IU/100ml and phosphorus 7.54mg/100ml, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 1975

Infertility and breeding status of Korean cows which are reared in a extensive alpine ranches of Daegwanryeong area was investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. Infertility frequency of the cows was 25.9% against a total examined number of 675 heads, and was 17.6% against a total rearing number. 2. The distributions of infertile cows 44.6% of Granular vaginitis-like syndrome, 36% of repeat breeder, 8.6% of symptom of ovary, 6.8% of symptom of uterus and 4% of other symptoms. 3. According to its age were found by 51.4% upon 2 years of age, 30.3% upon 3 years of age, 11.4% upon 4 years of age and 6.9% upon S years of age. 4. Breeding status of Korean cows showed 74.1% of conception rate in the cases of pre-treatment, while breeding status increased markedely in the cases of post-treatment by the 85.8%. 5. The conception rate by the artificial insemination mainly on the first mating was 36.1%. on the second mating 23.0% and on the third mating 18.0%. Total conception rate between first and third mating was 77.1%. 6. The therapeutic effect by treatment for granular vaginitis-like syndrome was 87.1%.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1999

It is believed that genetic defects make an important contribution to male infertility. Since spermatogenesis is such a complex process, it seems inevitable that many genes are involved in controlling the entire development of germ cells. Genes for infertility, however, are considered to be only those which are defected in the reproduction ability, but normal in other functions. Microdeletions of the Y chromosome have been observed frequently in infertile males. At least two genes, RBM and DAZ, are known to present in the loci where microdeletions occur frequently. A number of autosomal genes were also considered as candidates of infertility genes, based on phenotypes of knockout mice that were deficient of these genes.