• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2018

Occupancy-based heating control is effective in reducing heating energy by preventing unnecessary heating during unoccupied period. Various technologies on detecting human occupancy have been developed using complicated machine learning algorithm and stochastic methodologies. This study aims at deriving low-cost and simple algorithm of occupancy inference that can be implemented to residential buildings. The core concept of the algorithm is to combine the occupancy probabilities based on indoor CO2 concentration and PIR(passive infrared) signals. The probability was estimated by applying different levels of decrement ratio depending on CO2 concentration change rate and aggregated PIR signals. The developed algorithm was validated by comparing the inference results with the occupancy schedule in a real residential building. The results showed that the inference algorithm can achieve the accuracy of 75~99%, which would be successfully implemented to the control of residential heating systems.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2011

People spend approximately 80 ~ 90 % of their time in various kinds of indoor spaces. And, in metropolitan area, most people spend more than 1 hour in public transportation everyday. For this reason, people's interest in the indoor air quality is drastically increasing. Among various indoor air pollutants, $CO_2$ is one of the most severe environmental concerns. Ventilation is commonly used to keep low $CO_2$ concentration in the passenger cabin. However, ventilation may worse the indoor air quality problem in case of subway because the tunnel is seriously polluted by particulate matters. In this study, an alternative way to remove $CO_2$ was suggested. The adsorption of $CO_2$ by $CO_2$ adsorbent was studied. Zeolite modified with base was prepared, and $CO_2$ removal performance was tested in $4m^3$ and $24m^3$ environmental chambers. It was found that $CO_2$ adsorbent could effectively remove $CO_2$ in the chambers.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.864-870
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• 2010

본 연구는 실내 관엽식물들의 실내 이산화탄소 제거능을 규명하기 위해서 수행되었다. 본 실험에서는 5종의 관엽식물인 헤데라($Hedera$ $helix$ L.), 벤자민 고무나무($Ficus$ $benjamina$ L.), 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$), 테이블 야자($Chamaedorea$ $elegans$), 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)를 사용하였다. 피트모스 배지와 하이드로볼 배지에 이식된 식물을 각각 밀폐 동화상에 넣고, 이산화탄소 500ppm 또는 1,000ppm을 주입하고, 광도는 50과 $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 두 수준으로 하여, 주간과 야간의 이산화탄소 변화량을 1시간 동안 측정하였다. 또한, 측정된 이산화탄소의 변화량을 광합성 속도(${\mu}molCO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)로 산출하였다. 주간에 모든 품종의 식물들이 밀폐 동화상 안의 이산화탄소를 흡수하였다. 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$)와 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)가 이산화탄소 제거에 효과적이었다. 초기 주입된 이산화탄소 농도가 500ppm일 때보다 1000ppm일때, 광도가 $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$일 때보다 $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$일 때 이산화탄소 흡수량이 크며, 광합성률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 식물별로 광합성률을 비교해 보면, 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$), 헤데라($Hedera$ $helix$ L.), 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)와 같이 엽면적이 넓은 식물들이 상대적으로 엽면적이 작은 테이블 야자($Chamaedorea$ $elegans$)와 벤자민 고무나무($Ficus$ $benjamina$ L.)와 같은 식물들보다 높은 광합성률을 나타내었다. 또한 모든 품종에서 주간에 흡수된 이산화탄소량에 비해 야간에 식물의 호흡에 의해서 방출되는 이산화탄소량은 매우 적은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 배지 종류에 따라 이산화탄소 흡수량과 광합성률에서 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로, 이 실험을 통해서 관엽식물을 이용하여 실내 오염물질인 이산화탄소를 제거할 수 있으며, 주간에 식물이 광합성 잘 할 수 있는 환경을 조성해 주거나, 부피가 크고 실내와 같은 저광 조건에서 활발한 광합성이 가능한 식물을 선택함으로써 이산화탄소 제거를 극대화시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1001-1010
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• 2010

광주지역 다중이용시설 54개소와 공중이용시설 15개소에 대한 입자상물질(미세먼지, 석면), 가스상물질($CO_2$, CO, $NO_2$, HCHO, Rn, VOCs), 총부유세균의 농도에 대해서 조사하고 각 항목간의 상관성분석을 실시하였다. 미세먼지($PM_{10}$)는 실내주차장에서 평균 $69.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았고, 이어서 보육시설, 대규모점포, 지하역사 순이었다. 일산화탄소는 실내주차장에서 평균 2.7 ppm으로 가장 높았고, 이산화탄소는 의료시설에서 604.1 ppm으로 가장 높았으며, 이산화질소는 실내주차장에서 0.036 ppm으로 가장 높았다. 포름알데하이드는 54개 전체시설에서 기하평균 $3.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며, 미술관은 $631.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았다. 휘발성유기화합물질(VOCs)은 모든 시설에서 기하평균 $24.14\;{\mu}g/m^3$이었고, 이 중 톨루엔이 $15.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았으며, 이어서 자일렌, 에틸벤젠, 벤젠, 스티렌 순으로 조사되었다. 총부유세균은 찜질방에서 평균 $625.3\;CFU/m^3$로 가장 높았고, 보육시설, 의료기관, 대규모점포 순이었다. 석면은 보육시설에서, 라돈은 미술관에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 보육시설에서 미세먼지와 총부유세균은 로그함수의 결정계수($R^2$) 0.5332로 양의 상관성을 보여주었고, 이산화탄소와 일산화탄소는 보육시설과 실내주차장에서 양의 상관성을 보여주었다. 휘발성물질간의 상관식은 모든시설에서 직선함수보다는 로그함수에 의해 잘 설명되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2015

This study evaluated indoor environmental characteristics in an office room equipped both with ventilation window system and central cooling system. Fresh air is supplied only by the central cooling system whereas indoor air is discharged outside through both ceiling diffuser and a ventilation window system. Numerical study is conducted by changing the volumetric flow rates of exhaust ports of each system. For estimating the performance of this coupled system, $CO_2$ concentration and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) were calculated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The more the ceiling diffuser exhausts indoor air, the more the $CO_2$ concentration decreases. However, when the ventilation window system exhausts more indoor air, thermal comfort level gets improved in the office room with cooling system. Therefore, when the ventilation window system is operated, the coupled operation with central cooling system should be considered for enhancing indoor air quality and thermal comfort, together.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.312-317
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• 2005

Electric Multiple Unit is one of the major mass public transportation systems and passengers are under the influence of indoor air quality such as air temperature, relative humidity and concentration of CO2 gas. Therefore ventilation system of Electric Multiple Unit should be designed for both healthy and comfortable environments. We survey the optimal ventilation rate and the permissible CO2 concentration in the saloon with the consideration of the cooling and heating capacity and fresh air induced from tunnel.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1990

The study was carried out to investigate the extent of indoor air pollution in living rooms of apartment houses(residential area) and offices(traffic area A : no smoking space, B : smoking space) in Seoul and to determine the health significance of indoor air pollution. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of major air pollutants were observed simultaneously from February 13 to 17, and July 24 to 28, 1988. The concentrations of carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen oxides(NOx), sulfur dioxide($SO_2$), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) and total suspended particulate(TSP) in living room and offices were measured and the results were summarized as follows: 1. Both in summer and in winter, the indoor concentrations of CO, $CO_2$, and TSP in offices were higher than the outdoor concentrations, on the other hand, $SO_2$ was higher in the outdoors and NOx was lower than the outdoor concentration only in office A where smoking is not permitted. 2. The indoor and outdoor pollution of offices in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, and the concentrations of CO, NOx and $SO_2$ in indoor and outdoor air in living room in winter were also higher than those in summer. These results suggest that indoor levels of air pollutants are affected by smoking and winter heating systems.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.291-296
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• 2006

The purpose of this study were to make clear the present condition of indoor thermal and air environment by air-conditioning in school classrooms and to analyze the relation of the living conditions with indoor environment. The measurements on physical elements and observations on living conditions were carried out in 6 classrooms of 3 middle or high schools. Measuring elements were indoor temperature, relative humidity, $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ concentration. As results, the averages of indoor temperature each classrooms were 24.9${\sim}$26.6 . Most of classrooms were lower than the Maintenance standard(26${\sim}$28 ) of School Health Law. The means of relative humidity were 51.3${\sim}$72%, all classrooms were ranged within the standard(30${\sim}$80%). The means of $PM_{10}$ concentration were 3.5${\sim}$23.1 ${\mu}g/m^3$, all classrooms were kept within the standard(100 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The means of $CO_2$ concentration were 1218.7${\sim}$4705.4 ppm, all classrooms were exceed the standard(1,000ppm). The results of analysis on relations of living conditions with the physical elements are as follow; the air conditioner set of temperature, windows and doors opening elapsed time, the number of students in classrooms and activities of students had certain effect on indoor environment.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to make clear the present condition of indoor thermal and air environment by cooling in school classrooms and to analyze the relation of the living conditions with indoor environment. The measurements on physical elements and observations on living conditions were carried out in 6 classrooms of 3 middle or high schools. Measuring elements were indoor temperature, relative humidity, PM10 and $CO_2$ concentration. As results, the averages of indoor temperature each classrooms were $24.9{\sim}26.6^{\circ}C$. Most of classrooms were lower than the Maintenance standard $(26{\sim}28^{\circ}C)$ of School Health Law. The means of relative humidity were $51.3{\sim}72%$, all classrooms were ranged within the standard $(30{\sim}80%)$. The means of PM10 concentration were $3.5{\sim}23.1{\mu}g/m^3$, all classrooms were kept within the standard $(100{\mu}g/m^3)$. The means of $CO_2$ concentration were $1218.7{\sim}4705.4ppm$, all classrooms were exceed the standard (1,000ppm). The results of analysis on relations of living conditions with the physical elements are as follow; the air conditioner set of temperature, windows and doors opening elapsed time, the number of students in classrooms and activities of students had certain effect on indoor environment.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

It is indispensable for child care centers to investigate and manage indoor air quality (IAQ) because they perform education and day care for children who usually have weak immunity. Nevertheless, there is insufficient research being done, given its importance. This study aims to investigate indoor pollutants' concentration and to seek the causes in order to improve the air quality conditions. Also it aims to secure data which can be used for further researches. Measurements were performed for air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, fine particle mass, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds. Temperature, humidity, CO and CO2 were measured 30times(1min/time) and PM10 was measured 10times (3min/time). Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds were measured and analyzed based on The Indoor Air Quality Official Test Method. The results show that the temperatures were within the comfort zone in over half of the centers. CO2 was found to be the main pollutants as its concentration exceeded the IAQ standard. The concentrations of TVOC and PM10 exceeded the standard, by 32% and 24% respectively, whereas those of HCHO and CO were under the standard. HCHO and CO concentrations were under the guideline. 24% of child care centers for education were found to exceed the standard in 2 or more of the pollutants. 82% of were found to exceed the standard by 1 or more. Therefor it is requested for IAQ to manage and improve in child care center for education.