• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.656-669
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• 2018

Tropical bamboo species, which have a very rapid growth rate, are considered as a promising non-timber forest product capable of exhibiting new functionality by carbonization technology. This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of carbonized bamboos from Andong (G. pseuudoarundinacea (Steudel) Widjaja), Hitam (G. atrovialacea), Tali (G. apus), Kuning (B. vulgaris Var. striata (Lodd. Ex Lindl)), and Ampel (B. vulgaris Scharad. ex Wendland), and Betung (D. asper). Each bamboo was carbonized at 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1,000^{\circ}C$, respectively, and their physical and anatomical characteristics were investigated. The result showed that the volume and weight of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature and showed the substantial changes of volume and weight between 200 and $400^{\circ}C$. The highest and the lowest density of carbonized samples were found in Ampel bamboo and Betung bamboo, respectively. The density of all carbonized bamboos tended to decrease after carbonization at 200 and $400^{\circ}C$ and relatively become constant afterwards. The carbonized bamboo prepared at 800 and $1,000^{\circ}C$ showed better refining degree. The results of the anatomical observation showed that the vascular diameter of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, and the shrinkage in radial and tangential direction showed similar tendency. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant correlation between physical contraction and anatomical contraction. Based on the results of this study, comprehensive data about Indonesian bamboo charcoals could be obtained and it will be useful for future application studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2010

Carbonization characteristics of Indonesian bamboos were investigated using lab-scale tube furnace, in order to find optimum design temperature of a carbonizer for producing bamboo charcoal and vinegar. The bamboo samples used in this study are local bamboos from Damyang in Korea, Andong and Petung in Indonesia. Correlation of electric resistance, specific surface area and pH of bamboo vinegar with pyrolysis temperature has been investigated. Electric resistance of the charcoal increased for higher pyrolysis temperature the specific surface area was also increased as carbonization temperature got higher. Charcoal which has specific surface area of over $300\;m^2/g$ could be produced at $700^{\circ}C$. pH of bamboo vinegar was decreased for highter carbonization temperature and vinegar under pH 3 could be produced for all bamboo samples. In this experimental condition, it was found that lower carbonization temperature is better for producing bamboo vinegar of high quality, while higher temperature is better for obtaining bamboo charcoal with larger surface.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.641-650
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• 2020

In this study, the chemical components and termiticidal activities of bamboo vinegar against subterranean termite were evaluated. Bamboo vinegar used in this study were produced from Mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.), Balcoa (Bambusa balcooa Roxb.), and Taiwan (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro). It was analyzed by gravimetric methods. Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) was soaked for 24 h and tested against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7207-2014). The bamboo vinegar demonstrated antitermite activities against subterranean termite. Vinegar of 400℃ recorded higher total phenol and acid than that of 300℃. Results from this study suggest that the phenolic and acidic component of the bamboo vinegar contributed to 100% mortality rate of the termite, some wood weight loss, and a decrease in the termite feeding rate. These results strongly recommend that bamboo vinegar from D. latiflorus Munro is a potential environmentally friendly preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

To investigate morphological characteristics of zephyr produced from two bamboo species, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis and Gigantochloa apus, basic anatomic properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. According to SEM observation, zephyr from Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was not of uniform in shape and showed macro crack between vascular bundle sheaths. This may be attributes to the sclerenchymatous fibers connected closely, thus resulting in difficult separation of intercellular layer. Zephyr from Gigantochloa apus was of uniform in shape, which may be caused by easy separation of intercellular layer of sclerenchymatous fibers having thin cell wall and large cell lumen. By image analysis in cross section of two species, the ratio of vascular bundle sheaths and cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers were examined. The ratio of vascular bundle sheaths in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was lower than that in Gigantochloa apus. However, cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was higher than that in Gigantochloa apus.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.122-168
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• 2017

I tried to understand a folk tale "The half-boy" in terms of analytical psychology. In the story, a lady without children prayed to the Buddha. The white old man came and gave three fishes, but the cat ate half of it. So, she ate two and a half. She gave birth to two perfect sons. The third son had one arm, one leg, and one eye. They grew well. Brothers went to take the civil service examinations, and the half-boy followed. But two brothers did not like the half-boy coming along. So, brothers tied the half-boy to the rocks and trees, and he picked them up with force and gave them down to the yard of the house. And the half-boy followed his brothers again, and brothers tied him with kudzu and put him in front of the tiger. The half-boy won the tiger by betting with cutting kudzu. The half-boy stripped off the tiger's skin. The host coveted the tiger skin and they played with janggi. The half-boy won the game and was permitted to take host's daughter. The half-boy went with a string, a drum, a flea, and a bedbug. He teased host's people with these. The half-boy brought a virgin and lived well. "The Half-Boy" folktale is an old story spread throughout the country. There are similar stories in India and Africa. Unilateral figures are universally distributed archetypal images. In numerous cultures gods and spirits are being portrayed as unilateral figures. In the creation mythology, half-figure beings have immortality. In Indonesian and African folk tales, the half-born boy goes to heaven and merges with its half and becomes perfect. Some of one-sided spirits are harmful to humans but some of one-sided birds, chickens, and spirits are helpful to people. Sometimes half being is a cultural hero who steals grain from heaven or gets some advice how to use bamboo. There are stories that half body becomes a whole body afterwards. But in this folktale and most of the similar folktales, half-figure does not change and maintains half-figure to the end. And as a half-figure he does various great things and marries a virgin. The half-boy symbolizes a psychic experience born in the unconscious. The unconscious contents may seem strange and weird at first and the collective consciousness does not want to accept them. But the unconscious exerts greater power and brings vitality and creativity to consciousness. This folk tale seems to have compensated for the stubborn collective consciousness of our society, which was a Confucian class society. It also allows people to change their attitude toward disabled people and recognize strengths and creativity of the handicapped.