• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.157-171
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the level of financial management and financial goal attainment on housing purchase and children's educational expenditure, (2) to identify individual, family and environment variables which influence financial goal attainment, and (3) to investigate causal relation of variables which affect financial goal attainment. Data were collected from questionnaire with 772 married women who were residents of Jeonju. The major finding were as follows; (1) The levels of financial management and financial goal attainment on housing purchase and children's educational expenditure were middle. (2) The variables which exerted direct effects on financial goal attainment on housing purchase were time orientation of consumption life, asset, income stability, easiness in extending credit, financial planning, and financial implementing. the most powerful predictor of financial goal attainment on housing purchase was asset. (30 The variables which exerted direct effects on financial goal attainment on children's educational expenditure were time orientation of consumption life, asset, children's presence on the camp8us, easiness I extending credit, financial planning, and financial implementing. The most powerful predictor of financial goal attainment on children's educational expenditure was financial planning.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.10 no.9
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2019

This study focused on application and examination of the goal attainment scale(GAS) to participants diagnosed as schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. The participants were instructed to set their own goals and evaluate them using the GAS. Scores of each participant's GAS were later calculated to determine the level of goal attainment. A single group pre-post test design and linear mixed effects models were used to examine application and effectiveness of the GAS. The results found that the average GAS scores increased along with observations and the rate of the increase were statistically significant. In addition, this study indicated the importance of self-determined goal setting, goal attainment, and supports of the process. Practical implication and limitation of this study were also discussed.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 2017

This study investigates the effect of a leadership program to enhance leadership skills in children from low-income families. A total of 45 elementary school students participated in the 52-week leadership program. Five leadership scales, such as goal attainment, paradigm shifting skills, skills to lead others, human relationship skills, and sense of purpose, were measured through survey questionnaires before and after implementing the program. In addition, individual teacher interviews examined the influence of the program on students' leadership skills. This study found that participants showed significant improvement after implementing the program in the three domains of the leadership skills (goal attainment, paradigm shifting skills, and human relationship skills); however, the skills to lead others and sense of purpose did not significantly change. The leadership teachers also stated that the program influenced positively on students' leadership skills; in addition, students' behavioral changes were found by developing relationships with other children as well as contemplating and attempting to find a future dream and vision. The leadership program was effective to enhance leadership skills in children from low-income families. This study can provide the theoretical and practical foundations for the development and implementation of effective leadership programs that meet the needs of children from low-income families.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of integrated menopause management program derived theoretical framework of King (1981)'s goal attainment theory model for middle aged women. Methods: This research was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects of this study were 37 middle aged women in Busan and experiencing menopause; 17 for the experimental group and 20 for the control group. Experimental group was educated for 1 hour group interchange activity and five minutes individual interchange activity, once a week during 8 weeks. Measurement for comparison were taken two times, at baseline, 8wks. The effects were evaluated with menopause symptom, menopause knowledge, menopause attitude and menopause management. Results: The experimental group was significantly lower than control group on menopause symptom (F=5.936, p=.010) and higher than control group on menopause knowledge (F=12.031, p=.001) and menopause management (F=5.861, p=.010) after integrated menopause management program. However integrated menopause management program did not make significant differences on menopause attitude (F=0.105, p=.374). Conclusion: Results indicate that integrated menopause management program could be an effective intervention decreasing menopause symptom and for increasing menopause knowledge, menopause management in middle aged women.

• Knowledge Management Research
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2014

Absorptive capacity is an ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and apply external knowledge. Since the objectives of communities of practice(CoPs) are to share task-related knowledge and to apply it to operations, individual absorptive capacities of CoP members are one of the most important success factors of CoPs. The study examined the structural relationship among three groups; antecedents of absorptive capacity, absorptive capacity, and the performance of CoPs. The findings are as follows; Goal interdependence, reciprocal altruism, coordination mechanism and socialization mechanism had significant and positive effects on absorptive capacity. In addition absorptive capacity had significant and positive effects on goal attainment and knowledge application of CoP.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study to develop a fringed fall prevention program based on King's goal attainment theory and education. This study is applied to the personal, interpersonal, and social systems of fall high-risk patients to test its effects. Methods: This study was a nonequivalent control group pre- and post-test design. There were 52 fall high-risk patients in the experimental group and 45 in the control group. The experimental group received six sessions, with the group sessions lasting 60 minutes and the individual sessions lasting 20~30 minutes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an ${\chi}^2-test$, a paired sample t-test, and a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test utilizing IBM SPSS software. Results: For the 3-month intervention period, the fall prevention program was found to be particularly effective for patients in the experimental group (from 3.38 to 1.69 per 1000 patient days; p=.044), as opposed to the control group (from 1.94 to 1.49 per 1000 patient days; p=.300). For the 6-month follow up period, the fall prevention program was again found to be effective for patients in the experimental group (from 3.26 to 0.76 per 1000 patient days; p=.049) compared to the control group (from 1.98 to 1.01 per 1000 patient days; p=.368). Conclusion: These results indicate that the fringed fall prevention program is very effective in reducing falls, not only during the intervention period, but also after the intervention period has ended. We can therefore recommend this program for use concerning fall high-risk patients in long-term care hospitals.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 2013

Objective : The purpose of the study was to investigate The effects of the sensory integration intervention focused on combined both individual therapy and group therapy for sensory integration ability and occupational performance abilities in children with somatodyspraxia. Methods : Once in a total of 12 weeks, baseline period of four sessions and twenty-four session intervention period, research process had combined individual therapy and group therapy for sensory integration therapy. The Design is ABA design of single-subject research design. For a comparison of each-side of the operation performance change in therapy for children, through the assessment Baseline at four sessions and reassessment at two sessions after intervention, the Occupational performance ability change was measured. During intervention period, Process changed the Sensory Integration ability was measured through the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). Results : The Sensory Integration Ability combined Individual therapy and Group therapy have effect about improvement of the Sensory Integration ability and the Occupational performance ability for children with Somatodyspraxia. Conclusion : Henceforth, subject will undergo systematized experimental design, and when dependent variable such as Sensory Integration ability and the Occupational performance was measured, effect-measuring study needs through using reliable tools.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2024

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the impact of Ayres' sensory integration (ASI) intervention on motor skills and occupational participation of preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method : Children with ADHD aged between 4 and 6 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly recruited through screening tests. The subjects were divided into an experimental group (10 subjects) and a control group (8 subjects). The instruments used were the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) to evaluate occupational participation. The subjects in the experimental group underwent individual sensory integration therapy according to the ASI principles for 40 minutes twice a week in a total of 16 sessions over eight weeks. The control group did not receive the ASI intervention. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Cohen's d test in SPSS 20.0. Results : The ASI experimental group had significantly higher scores in total motor composite, manual coordination, body coordination, strength, and agility in motor function than the control group (p<.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of occupational participation (PEDI), but GAS scores for individual target activities were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : This study shows that the ASI intervention has positive effects on motor skills and occupation participation among preschool children with ADHD.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.89-105
• /
• 1998

Modern organizations, both complicated and complex, operate in an economic climate of· turbulence and rapid change. And Today's healthcare environment is changing, driven by demographic, environmental. social, political and technological forces. In actual practice, the organization usually depend on several factors such as economic state of organization, managerial strategies, a synthesis of several theories that reflect individual biases, specific circumstances, and practical realities. These rapidly changing healthcare environment and professional nursing practice need a strategy for the organizational development and goal attainment. An understanding of organizational culture could help managers enhance or expand their management strategy, thus increasing the probability of their success in the organization. Organizational culture is an abstract, yet potent managerial concept. With roots in several disciplines, several perspectives and definitions of organizational culture have emerged. The concept of organizational culture has been rapidly introduced into the academic and organizational world, with the much attention to the excellent companies that have continued rapid grow th despite the overall world economic recession in the late of 1970s. Organizational culture is the combination of the symbols, language, assumptions, and behaviors that overtly manifest an organization's norm and values. It is the taken-for-granted and shared meanings people assign to their social surroundings that can have a profound effect on an organizaitonal decision making and performance. For attaining a organizational goal and developing organization, it is necessary to put emphasis on developing organizational culture. It has to set organizational culture well understood by its members as an instrument to achieve the organizational goals. Both Manager and staff can focus and act on the values identified. Also, managers will exhibit better decision making capabilities because they are guided by perception of the organizational values. Therefore, understanding of organizational culture could give a strategy for organizational development that assist hiring personnel, orienting new comers, facilitating organizational change and promoting learning and so on. But their is few study on nursing organizational culture in Korea. Moreover they have not had a clear definition of Korean nursing organizational culture. Therefore, it is necessary to lay down definition of Korean nursing organizational culture and fine out real factor of Korean nursing culture. For defining a definition of Korean nursing organizational culture, this study assessed several definitions of organizational culture, factors of culture, types of culture, and functions of culture through book review.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.49-71
• /
• 2010

Franchise businesses in South Korea have contributed to economic growth and job creation, and its growth potential remains very high. However, despite such virtues, domestic franchise businesses face many problems such as the instability of franchisor's business structure and weak financial conditions. To solve these problems, the government enacted legislation and strengthened franchise related laws. However, the strengthening of laws regulating franchisors had many side effects that interrupted the development of the franchise business. For example, legal regulations regarding franchisors have had the effect of suppressing the franchisor's leadership activities (e.g. activities such as the ability to advocate the franchisor's policies and strategies to the franchisees, in order to facilitate change and innovation). One of the main goals of the franchise business is to build cooperation between the franchisor and the franchisee for their combined success. However, franchisees can refuse to follow the franchisor's strategies because of the current state of franchise-related law and government policy. The purpose of this study to explore the effects of franchisor's leadership style on franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. We classified leadership styles according to the path-goal theory (House & Mitchell, 1974), and it was hypothesized and tested that the four leadership styles proposed by the path-goal theory (i.e. directive, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership) have different effects on franchisee's commitment. Another purpose of this study to explore the how the level of franchisee's self-efficacy influences both the franchisor's leadership style and franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. Results of the present study are expected to provide important theoretical and practical implications as to the role of franchisor's leadership style, as restricted by government regulations and the franchisee's self-efficacy, which could be needed to improve the quality of the long-term relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. Quoted by Northouse(2007), one problem regarding the investigation of leadership is that there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have tried to define it. But despite the multitude of ways in which leadership has been conceptualized, the following components can be identified as central to the phenomenon: (a) leadership is a process, (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadership occurs in a group context, and (d) leadership involves goal attainment. Based on these components, in this study leadership is defined as a process whereby franchisor's influences a group of franchisee' to achieve a common goal. Focusing on this definition, the path-goal theory is about how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish designated goals. Drawing heavily from research on what motivates employees, path-goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in the early 1970s in the works of Evans (1970), House (1971), House and Dessler (1974), and House and Mitchell (1974). The stated goal of this leadership theory is to enhance employee performance and employee satisfaction by focusing on employee motivation. In brief, path-goal theory is designed to explain how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by selecting specific behaviors that are best suited to subordinates' needs and to the situation in which subordinates are working (Northouse, 2007). House & Mitchell(1974) predicted that although many different leadership behaviors could have been selected to be a part of path-goal theory, this approach has so far examined directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership behaviors. And they suggested that leaders may exhibit any or all of these four styles with various subordinates and in different situations. However, due to restrictive government regulations, franchisors are not in a position to change their leadership style to suit their circumstances. In addition, quoted by Northouse(2007), ssubordinate characteristics determine how a leader's behavior is interpreted by subordinates in a given work context. Many researchers have focused on subordinates' needs for affiliation, preferences for structure, desires for control, and self-perceived level of task ability. In this study, we have focused on the self-perceived level of task ability, namely, the franchisee's self-efficacy. According to Bandura (1977), self-efficacy is chiefly defined as the personal attitude of one's ability to accomplish concrete tasks. Therefore, it is not an indicator of one's actual abilities, but an opinion of the extent of how one can use that ability. Thus, the judgment of maintain franchisee's commitment depends on the situation (e.g., government regulation and policy and leadership style of franchisor) and how it affects one's ability to mobilize resources to deal with the task, so even if people possess the same ability, there may be differences in self-efficacy. Figure 1 illustrates the model investigated in this study. In this model, it was hypothesized that leadership styles would affect the franchisee's commitment, and self-efficacy would moderate the relationship between leadership style and franchisee's commitment. Theoretically, quoted by Northouse(2007), the path-goal approach suggests that leaders need to choose a leadership style that best fits the needs of subordinates and the work they are doing. According to House & Mitchell (1974), the theory predicts that a directive style of leadership is best in situations in which subordinates are dogmatic and authoritarian, the task demands are ambiguous, and the organizational rule and procedures are unclear. In these situations, franchisor's directive leadership complements the work by providing guidance and psychological structure for franchisees. For work that is structured, unsatisfying, or frustrating, path-goal theory suggests that leaders should use a supportive style. Franchisor's Supportive leadership offers a sense of human touch for franchisees engaged in mundane, mechanized activity. Franchisor's participative leadership is considered best when a task is ambiguous because participation gives greater clarity to how certain paths lead to certain goals; it helps subordinates learn what actions leads to what outcome. Furthermore, House & Mitchell(1974) predicts that achievement-oriented leadership is most effective in settings in which subordinates are required to perform ambiguous tasks. Marsh and O'Neill (1984) tested the idea that organizational members' anger and decline in performance is caused by deficiencies in their level of effort and found that self-efficacy promotes accomplishment, decreases stress and negative consequences like depression and emotional instability. Based on the extant empirical findings and theoretical reasoning, we posit positive and strong relationships between the franchisor's leadership styles and the franchisee's commitment. Furthermore, the level of franchisee's self-efficacy was thought to maintain their commitment. The questionnaires sent to participants consisted of the following measures; leadership style was assessed using a 20 item 7-point likert scale developed by Indvik (1985), self-efficacy was assessed using a 24 item 6-point likert scale developed by Bandura (1977), and commitment was assessed using a 6 item 5-point likert scale developed by Morgan & Hunt (1994). Questionnaires were distributed to Korean optical franchisees in Seoul. It took about 20 days to complete the data collection. A total number of 140 questionnaires were returned and complete data were available from 137 respondents. Results of multiple regression analyses testing the relationships between the each of the four styles of leadership shown by the franchisor as independent variables and franchisee's commitment as the dependent variable showed that the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.13, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.07, p<.001)were significant. However, when participants divided into high and low self-efficacy groups, results of multiple regression analyses showed that only the relationship between achievement-oriented leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.14, p<.001) was significant in the high self-efficacy group. In the low self-efficacy group, the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.17, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.10, p<.001) were significant. The study focused on the franchisee's self-efficacy in order to explore the possibility that regulation, originally intended to protect the franchisee, may not be the most effective method to maintain the relationships in a franchise business. The key results of the data analysis regarding the moderating role of self-efficacy between leadership behavior style as proposed by path-goal and commitment theory were as follows. First, this study proposed that franchisor should apply the appropriate type of leadership behavior to strengthen the franchisees commitment because the results demonstrated that supportive and participative leadership styles by the franchisors have a positive influence on the franchisee's level of commitment. Second, it is desirable for franchisor to validate the franchisee's efforts, since the franchisee's characteristics such as self-efficacy had a substantial, positive effect on the franchisee's commitment as well as being a meaningful moderator between leadership and commitment. Third, the results as a whole imply that the government should provide institutional support, namely to put the franchisor in a position to clearly identify the characteristics of their franchisees and provide reasonable means to administer the franchisees to achieve the company's goal.