• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to find out the exposure level of mixed organic solvents, excretion of urinary hippuricacid and subjective symptoms according to the exposure of organic solvents of female workers who works on 5 shoes manufacturing industries in Taejon City from 24, september to 20, october 1993. The studied groups were divided into 3 groups that were consist of direct exposure group(48 workers), indirect exposure group(49 workers) and non-exposure group(68 workers) to the organic solvents. The exposure levels of toluene of direct exposure group which $89.86{\pm}56.20ppm$ had higher than that of indirect exposure group which had $40.23{\pm}47.21ppm$. In the exposure level of mixed organic solvent(R-value), direct exposure group was $2.84{\pm}1.53$ and exceeded approximatly 3 times the R-value. Whereas, indirect exposure group was not exceeded the R-value as $0.80{\pm}0.61$. In the excretion level of urinary hippuric acid, direct exposure group was $1.78{\pm}1.25g/l$, indirect exposure group was $1.22{\pm}0.93g/l$ and non-exposure group was $0.51{\pm}0.18g/l$ respectively. Therefore both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were significantly higher than non-exposure group(P<0.01). In the correlation between toluene levels and urinary hippuric acid level, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.8309, P<0.01), also indirect exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.5859, P<0.05) and also in the correlation between the R value of mixed organic solvents and the urinary hippuric acid levels, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.4492, P<0.05), and indirect exposure group had ositive correlation(R=0.7911, P<0.01). In the complain rates of the worker's subjective symptoms at work, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were higher than non-exposure group(P<0.05, P<0.01). But the sujective symptoms of "floating sensation" of direct exposure group had significantly higher than indirect exposure group. In the percent of subjective symptoms complaints during the worker's daily life, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group had generally more statistical significance than nonexposure group(P<0.01), direct exposure group had not statistical significant difference from indirect exposure group. As the results mentioned above, it has been analysed that the indirect at the adjacent manufaturing process are exposed to the considerable amount of solvent. Therefore, I think that there should be the betterment of surrounding through the complete working environment management to the occurrence source of the organic solvent, the changes of health management system to the indirect-exposed workers, and the systematic management of the special medical examination and the like.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.87-97
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• 2004

The National Health Insurance Act, the Industrial Health Act and the School Health Act require chest radiography at least once a year. In chest radiographic examination, most group examinations use indirect X-ray primarily aiming at diagnosing diseases and enhancing people's health. This study purposed to minimize radiation exposure dose by comparing it between direct and indirect chest X-ray studies. According to the result of comparing and analyzing radiation exposure dose, the average incident dose and penetrating dose were 0.929μGy and 0.179μGy respectively in direct chest X-ray and 6.807μGy and 1.337μGy in indirect chest X-ray In order to minimize radiation exposure dose at direct and indirect chest X-ray, indirect X-ray should be excluded from group examination if possible. Moreover, it is necessary to control the quality of equipment (Q/A & Q/C) systematically and to avoid using unqualified equipment in order to reduce radiation exposure dose.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-258
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• 2021

The purpose of this research was to empirically explore the association between exposure to news of the nth Room Case, indirect trauma, and beliefs about the world among adults in their 20s. A total of 228 adults in their 20s participated in an online survey designed to study the association above. Analysis using SPSS 25.0 showed that participants who were exposed to more related news immediately after the nth Room case was revealed experienced a higher level of indirect trauma. Furthermore, indirect trauma fully mediated the relationship between exposure to the news of the nth Room Case and beliefs about the world. This study empirically demonstrated the impact of news exposure on beliefs about the world through indirect trauma, suggesting that, like disasters, sex crimes can cause indirect trauma to third parties through the news. However, this study was limited to adults in their 20s, and most of the participants were women; therefore, future studies using samples representing demographically more diverse groups are needed. Future research could also examine the possibility of emotional contagion mediating or moderating the relationship between news exposure and indirect trauma.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2017

We investigated the toxicity of zinc and aluminum hot-dip galvanized sheet steel to abalone Haliotis discus hannai via changes in the gill and hepatopancreas using histological and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Experimental groups were composed of one control and four exposure conditions (direct or indirect exposure to zinc and aluminum hot-dip galvanized sheet steel). In the control group, aluminum exposure groups (direct and indirect), and indirect zinc exposure group, abalone mortality was not observed until the end of the experiment, and no histopathological changes were observed in the gill and hepatopancreas. However, the direct zinc exposure group exhibited 100% mortality. Ultrastructural analysis of the cytoplasm of ciliated and microvilli-bearing epithelial cells from gill filaments revealed electron-dense vesicles near the cell membrane and disruption of the nuclear membrane. We also observed swollen mitochondria and a loss of mitochondrial cristae. The hepatopancreas showed similar changes, and we detected highly electron-dense particles within the vesicles. These results suggest that abalone exposed directly to zinc hot-dip galvanized sheet steel experience acute toxicity, causing damage to cell organelles in the gill and hepatopancreas and, finally, inducing mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.5 no.1 s.12
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• pp.8-13
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• 2007

The purpose of the study was to analyze how to express the eroticism on the female's contemporary sportswear. Six hundred fifty few pictures in the fashion magazines such as Vogue, and Elle etc., and at the collections through the internet from 2000 to 2005, were used for the analysis. Other related books and articles were also used for the study. The eroticism on the female's contemporary sportswear was mainly expressed through two ways such as direct exposure and indirect exposure. The details of the eroticism expressed through these two ways were as follows; 1. The extent of direct exposure in bust area and leg were excessive compared to other body area specially in tennis wear, swimsuit, boxing wear and dance wear etc. 2. See-through and close adhesion were used in order to express eroticism indirectly.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

A medical personnel could be placed beside a patient together in CT room to do Ambu-bag for a seriously ill patients or emergency patient. At this time, the medical personnel can be exposed indirect radiation unnecessarily. In this case, it is necessary to recognize indirect radiation dose levels and methods to reduce them using actual clinical CT protocols such as Chest, Abdomen, and Brain CT. We researched surface radiation dose with or without radiation protectors such as apron and goggles according to different distances far from gantry using two different CT scanners (Fixed MDCT and mobile CT). As a result, for Chest, Abdomen, and Brain CT with Fixed MDCT, indirect radiation dose on thorax portion were 0.047, 0.089, 0.034 mSv without apron. Also, those with apron were 0.007, 0.012, 0.006 mSv. In case of mobile CT, it was 0.014 mSv without apron and 0.005 mSv with apron. By using protectors and increasing the distance, we could reduce it to 97%. Systematic management is necessary based on the measured data in order to minimize radiation damage due to indirect exposure dose.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.411-430
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine psychological consequences of indirect trauma exposure through the disaster news. Participants(N=439) completed some self-report questionnaires such as Posttraumatic Risk Checklist(PRC), Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R), and Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale(MFODS) at 68.11(±18.47) days after the Sewol ferry disaster. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling by AMOS 23.0 program. The results showed that fear of death and periand post-traumatic crisis factors mediated the association of news exposure immediately after disaster and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings in this study indicated that news exposure immediately after disaster influenced fear of death which led to the peri- and post-traumatic crisis, and these crisis factors increased posttraumatic stress symptoms. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.451-462
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of concern and the level of knowledge of endocrine disruptors, and the level of dietary behaviors to decrease exposure to endocrine disruptors, to determine the factors affecting the level of knowledge and behaviors, and to assess the causal relationship between them. The data were collected from 579 adults in Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Busan and Gwangju provinces. Frequencies, t tests, analysis of variance, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, multiple regression analyses, and path analysis were carried out by SPSS for Win V.18.0. The results of this study were as follows: The level of concern about endocrine disruptors was higher than the medium level. The respondents were most concerned about a container of cup ramen among products related to foods. The levels of both knowledge and behaviors in order to decrease exposure to endocrine disruptors in dietary life were not high. The factors affecting the level of knowledge of endocrine disruptors were educational level, attendance in education for endocrine disruptors, and concern about endocrine disruptors. On the other hand, sex, age, concern about endocrine disruptors, and the level of knowledge of endocrine disruptors affected the level of behaviors to decrease exposure toward endocrine disruptors. The results of the path analysis showed that educational level and education of endocrine disruptors had an indirect influence on the level of behaviors in order to decrease exposure to endocrine disruptors in dietary life. The concern about endocrine disruptors had both a direct and an indirect effect on the level of behaviors to decrease exposure to endocrine disruptors in dietary life. In addition, sex, age and the level of knowledge of endocrine disruptors directly affected the level of behaviors to decrease exposure to endocrine disruptors in dietary life.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2022

Public interest has been increasing the focus on the management of exposure to pollutants and the related health effects. This study reviewed exposure assessment methodologies and addressed future directions. Exposure can be assessed by direct (exposure monitoring) or indirect approaches (exposure modelling). Exposure modelling is a cost-effective tool to assess exposure among individuals, but direct personal monitoring provides more accurate exposure data. There are several population exposure models: stochastic human exposure and dose simulation (SHEDS), air pollutants exposure (APEX), and air pollution exposure distributions within adult urban population in Europe (EXPOLIS). A South Korean population exposure model is needed since the resolution of ambient concentrations and time-activity patterns are country specific. Population exposure models could be useful to find the association between exposure to pollutants and adverse health effects in epidemiologic studies. With the advancement of sensor technology and the internet of things (IoT), exposure assessment could be applied in a real-time surveillance system. In the future, environmental health services will be useful to protect and promote human health from exposure to pollutants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clarify the association between serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and type of work in the shipbuilding industry. Methods: 1,072 final study subjects were admitted to a general hospital from April through July 2010 for the purpose of medical examination. Data on general characteristics such as age, smoking history, alcohol history and exercise habits was gathered through structured self-administered questionnaires. Information on job factors was collected from a medical examination, by interview and through company personnel data. Serum CEA levels were measured after eight hours' fasting and were analyzed by a radioimmunoassay. Results: On univariate analysis, the mean serum CEA level was significantly higher among married (p=0.02), older age (p<0.01), longer work time (p<0.01), smokers (p<0.01), lower education (p<0.01), and indirect and direct exposure groups (p<0.01). On multiple regression analysis, serum CEA level was influenced by smoking (p=0.001), duration of work (p=0.019), and direct exposure group (p<0.001). However, among the direct exposure group, serum CEA level was not significantly different between welding, mounting, electro-device constructive work, grinding and cleaning, and painting. Conclusions: The goal of this research was to determine if there were differences between serum CEA levels according to occupational role among shipyard workers. The direct exposure group of shipyard workers had a relatively higher level of serum CEA than did the indirect exposure group and office workers, most likely due to occupational exposure.