• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.697-703
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• 2023

In this study, a modified indirect evaluation method was developed to predict the deterioration level of water pipes. The accuracy of the modified method was verified by comparing it with the direct method. The weights of index were adjusted by reducing the weight of water quality corrosion, soil corrosion, lay depth and road type according to the importance of the existing evaluation factors and adding the weight of pipe thickness. In the results, the weight of pipe thickness was determined to be 0.1530. Comparing with the direct evaluation method, the accuracy of the modified indirect evaluation method increased by 31.03% compared to the indirect evaluation method. The modified indirect evaluation method will be able to select relatively old pipes more accurately and efficiently than the existing indirect evaluation method when prioritizing the improvement of old water pipes.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

This study was carried out to evaluate indirect methods of engine torque measurement. Three indirect methods based on throttle valve opening, exhaust gas temperature and inlet air pressure were compared. The indirect method based on throttle valve opening appeared to be the most satisfactory in terms of accuracy and response time. The discrepancies between the direct method and the indirect method based on throttle valve opening in measuring engine torque were 2% on t he average.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.504-512
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• 2003

The plastic strain ratios(R-values) of low carbon steel sheets were determined by the automatic strain measurement method using two extensometers, the indirect photo method for the same tensile specimen during tensile test and the indirect method for the specimen after tensile test. The experimental results showed that the measured plastic strain ratios from the automatic strain measurement method using two extensometers coincided with those from the indirect photo method and the indirect method for all tensile specimens. In addition, the strain dependence of plastic strain ratios could be continuously recorded and the anisotropy of the strength coefficient, K, and strain hardening exponent, n, could be automatically calculated in three directions by computer through the use of two extensometers. The experimental results showed that the strain dependence of R-value was related to the anisotropy of strain hardening exponent in low carbon steel sheets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.554-561
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted as a $3{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or $862{\mu}m$), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) with an initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.8kg$ were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days. Results: A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method. Conclusion: Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.564-567
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• 1997

In the design of structure the forces acting on the structure are important parameter for noise and vibration control. However, in the complex structure, the forces at the injection point on the structure cannot be measured directly. Thus it is necessary to find out indirect force evaluation method. In this paper forces have been measured with in-situ vibration responses and system information. Three existing techniques of indirect force measurement, viz. direct inverse, principal component analysis and regularization have been compared. It has been shown that multi-vibration responses are essential for the precise estimation of the forces. To satisfy those conditions, Rotary compressor is adopted as test sample, because it is very difficult to measure the injection forces from internal excitation to shell. It has also been obtained that relatively higher force is transmitted though three welding paths to the compressor shell. It shows a good agreement between direct and indirect force evaluation with curvature shell and plate and is investigated the possibility of force evaluation of rotary compressor as a complex structure.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.462-478
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• 2018

The presence of implant-prosthesis misfits can cause various complications. It is very important to detect misfits to prevent such complications. There are various evaluation methods for misfit assessment including clinical methods and laboratory in vitro methods. The clinical misfit evaluation includes radiographic analysis, visual observation, probing, Sheffield test, evaluation with disclosing materials, and screw resistance test. The laboratory in vitro evaluation method includes indirect modelling evaluation and direct metrological visualization. Of the indirect modelling methods, photoelastic stress analysis, finite element analysis, strain gauge analysis, and microbial colonization analysis were reviewed. Of the direct metrological visualization, microscopic analysis, 3-D photogrammetric analysis, coordinate measuring analysis, and radiographic analysis were reviewed. In this review, the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each method were evaluated.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2021

With the social atmosphere of respect for human life and the increasing interest in safety of field workers, research and development is underway in various ways to transform direct live method into indirect live method in the field of distribution. As part of this measure, it was necessary to convert electric pole and complex facilities work from machining power distribution to indirect live operation, and install a straight connecting sleeve that connects cut wires for by-pass method, but it failed to meet the tensile strength standard when constructing a sleeve constructed by direct method. In this paper, the design factors were derived based on the case of overseas similar sleeves and the tensile strength evaluation of each variable was performed, based on the analysis of these test results, the method for securing tensile strength of straight-line access sleeves for indirect running was presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2019

This paper presents a machinability evaluation of Inconel 718 material when using a new uniform-temperature indirect cooling method that incorporates constant-pressure liquid nitrogen (LN2). The flank wear of a TiAlN coated tool used with this indirect cooling system was much lower than that of the tool used with dry machining under all machining conditions. Also, the surface roughness resulting from machining with this indirect method was far less than that of a dry machined surface after the same cutting time. Reduced heat generation and uniform temperature in turning operations play important roles in tool life and surface quality.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to development and measure validity and reliability of evaluation tool for clinical nursing practice competency of Nursing students. Method: The participants in this study were 568 nurses who had worked for more than three years above in hospitals. A questionnaire of 79 items was administered to the nurses using a convenience sampling method. The data were collected from Sep. 12th, to Oct. 20th, 2004. Result: The derived outcome tool consisted of 6 factors of direct nursing actions and 6 factors of indirect nursing actions on the basis of 79 items. The 6 factors in direct nursing actions accounted for 76.84% of the variance and 6 factors in indirect nursing actions accounted for 79.68% of the variance on total scale. As a result of the item analysis, 79 items were selected and the internal consistency alpha coefficient was .9917. The value of Cronbach' alpha of direct nursing actions was .9640, indirect nursing actions was .9550. Conclusion: The results of this study show that useful application to the evaluation tool of clinical practice competency of Nursing students and further studies need to be done to verify clinical practice educational evaluation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.286-289
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• 1997

In the design of structure the forces acting on the structure are important parameter for noise and vibration control. However, in the complex structure, the forces at the injection pomt on the structure cannot be measured directly. Thus it is necessary to find out indirect force evaluation method. In thls paper forces have been measured with in-situ vibration responses and system information. Three existing techniques of indirect force measurement, viz. direct inverse, principal component analysis and regularization have been compared. It has been shown that multi-vibration responses are essential for the precise estimation of the forces. To satisfy those cond~tions, Rotary compressor is adopted as test sample, because it is very difficult to measurc the injection forces from internal excitat~on to shell. It has also been obtained that relatively higher force IS transmitted through three welding paths to the compressor shell. It shows a good agreement between direct and indirect force evaluation wlth curvature shell and plate and is investigated the possibility of force evaluation of rotary compressor as a complex structure.