• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제2권S1호
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• pp.53-73
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• 1996

Almost of all the impediments to enchancing ship safety and preventing vessel-source marine pollution arise from the interaction between direct and indirect factors. The direct factors come from human errores and failure in complince with the international convention standards for the operation of vessels. The indirect factors derive from the will and attitudes of the countries taking little responsibilities with appropriate seriousness for policing their fleets. By focusing in these aspects, this paper intends to propose a new international regime to improve the implementation capability of national maritime administration of each member government of IMO(International Maritime Organization).

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권6호
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• pp.699-712
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• 2019

The reinforced concrete lining of hydraulic pressure tunnels tends to crack under high inner water pressure (IWP), which results in the inner water exosmosis along cracks and involves typical hydro-mechanical interaction. This study aims at the development, validation and application of an indirect-coupled method to simulate the lining cracking process. Based on the concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model, the utility routine GETVRM and the user subroutine USDFLD in the finite element code ABAQUS is employed to calculate and adjust the secondary hydraulic conductivity according to the material damage and the plastic volume strain. The friction-contact method (FCM) is introduced to track the lining-rock interface behavior. Compared with the traditional node-shared method (NSM) model, the FCM model is more feasible to simulate the lining cracking process. The number of cracks and the reinforcement stress can be significantly reduced, which matches well with the observed results in engineering practices. Moreover, the damage evolution of reinforced concrete lining can be effectively slowed down. This numerical method provides an insight into the cracking process of reinforced concrete lining in hydraulic pressure tunnels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted as a $3{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or $862{\mu}m$), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) with an initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.8kg$ were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days. Results: A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method. Conclusion: Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study intends to study the theoretical interconnection between human response capability and customer relationship management advantage while considering the essential role of service application of information technology as direct, indirect (mediating), and interactive (moderating) influences in the theory. Based on the study sample, the new findings help comprehend the overall interconnected relationship which includes the direct and indirect (mediating) effects of information technology service capability and human response capability as well as their interaction (moderation) on customer relationship management advantage. The new insights interprets the two capabilities (human and information technology) are vital to business because they are the foundation set of service resources significantly to enhance customer relationship management advantage.

• 한국어교육
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.197-225
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference in the interactions between beginning language learners and heritage learners on their forms based on the interaction hypothesis. In this study, three types of information gap activities were used to analyze Language Related Episodes (LREs) while investigating the interaction patterns in language use between four pairs (eight learners) of foreign learners and four pairs (eight learners) of English-speaking heritage learners. The result indicated that foreign learners had a high focus on form during interaction. In particular, they had a tendency to focus on vocabulary rather than grammar, and they conducted self-repair by examining and mostly adjusting their speech to postposition and tense. However, in the problem-solving process, they showed a limited ability in interaction, and thus directly asked others to settle the problem or resorted to using English due to their lack of ability to employ various communication strategies. However, heritage learners had a relatively low focus on form compared to foreign learners. Yet, they also focused more on vocabulary rather than grammar and conducted self-repair in interaction, especially for vocabulary. In addition, they were skillful at using various communication strategies such as indirect expressions, use of alternative words, evasion, and delaying, to expand speech and prevent communication breakdown. They focused less on grammar and mostly did not provide negative feedback in interaction.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether attachment to primary caregivers and family interaction affect rural children's social competence through self-regulation ability. To achieve this, a survey was conducted with 345 students aged 11-13 attending elementary schools in a rural area of Gyeongsang Province. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and path analysis using the AMOS 23.0 program. The main result was that rural children's self-regulation had an indirect effect on attachment with primary caregivers and family interaction through social competence. The findings of this study will contribute to designing a variety of programs that can promote the positive development of social competence among rural children.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.109-131
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the home literacy environment, mother's literacy belief and parenting efficacy in terms of the interaction which occurs during reading picture books between mothers and preschoolers. Questionnaires from 378 5-year-olds' mothers in Seoul and Kyunggi province were analysed. The findings from the validated structural equation model constructed with these variables were as follows. First, the home literacy environment, the mother's literacy beliefs and the mother's general parenting efficacy affected the quantity, and the quality of interaction whilst reading books with preschoolers. Second, the mother's efficacy in education and communication had a direct impact on the quantity of the interaction during reading books through the mediation of the home literacy environment, and had an indirect effect on the quality of the interaction whilst reading books, respectively. Third, the mother's efficacy in communication directly accounted for the quality of the interaction which occurs whilst reading books with children.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on microtensile bond strengths (MTBSs) of two types of indirect resin composites bonded to a conventional direct resin composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Indirect resin composite blocks of Ceramage and SR Nexco were prepared in a plastic mold having a dimension of $10{\times}10{\times}4\;mm$. These composite blocks were divided into three groups according to their surface treatments: Group1: Sandblast (SB); Group2: Sandblast and ultrasonically clean (SB+UL); Group3: Sandblast plus silane (SB+SI). After bonding with direct resin composite, indirect-direct resin composite blocks were kept in distilled water for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and cut into microbars with the dimension of $1{\times}1{\times}8\;mm$. Microbar specimens (n = 40 per group) were loaded using a universal testing machine. Failure modes and compositions were evaluated by SEM. The statistical analyses of MTBS were performed by two-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. Surface treatments and brands had effects on the MTBS without an interaction between these two factors. For SR Nexco, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI group were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. For Ceramage, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. The mean MTBS of the Ceramage specimens was significantly higher than that of SR Nexco for all surface treatments. CONCLUSION. Sandblasting with or without silane application could improve the bond strengths of repaired indirect resin composites to a conventional direct resin composite.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.107-124
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of children's pride and shame on their interactive peer play, mediated by their daily stress. Methods: The participants of this study were 172 five-year-old children (80 boys and 92 girls) attending kindergartens or child-care centers in Chungbuk, Korea. The data were analyzed by descriptive and correlational analyses, and structural equation modeling using SPSS 19.0 and AMOS 21.0. Results: Children's shame had a significant indirect effect on their interactive peer play, including play-disruption, play-disconnection and play-interactions, mediated by daily stress; children's shame had a significant direct effect on play interaction. However, children's pride did not have a direct effect on daily stress and an indirect effect on their interactive peer play. In other words, high levels of shame among children led to high perceived daily stress. In turn, perceived daily stress increased play-disconnection and play-disruption, while it decreased play-interactions. Meanwhile children's shame led to a low level of play-interaction among young children. Conclusion/Implications: The results imply that children's perceived shame would influence their behaviors in social contexts as well as their psychological wellbeing such as the level of daily stress.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.593-610
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• 2017

In order to identify the antecedents of internet purchasing intention toward fashion items, this study examines shopping-related variables as both direct antecedents of internet purchasing intention, and as indirect antecedents of internet purchasing intention through online-related variables. Impulse buying and market mavenism were considered as shopping-related variables, whilst online interaction readiness and online consumer procrastination were considered as online-related variables. It was hypothesized that impulse buying and market mavenism not only directly influence purchasing intention toward fashion items, but also indirectly influence it through online interaction readiness and online consumer procrastination. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul using convenience sampling. A total of 286 questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. SPSS was used for exploratory factor analysis, and AMOS was used for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The factor analysis of market mavenism, impulse buying, and online consumer procrastination revealed one dimension, whilst the factor analysis of online interaction readiness revealed two dimensions: 'online relationship' and 'internet role.' Tests of the hypothesized path proved that impulse buying indirectly influences internet shopping intention only through online consumer procrastination, whereas market mavenism influences internet shopping intention indirectly through both online interaction readiness and online consumer procrastination. The results will be useful for Internet shopping mall marketers and for future study.