• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.3-18
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• 2009

It is difficult for consumers to satisfy high safety request with post-management method such as inspection and surveillance, as various changes in-and-out of the country associated with food safety. In terms of food safety problems related to foods, it is crucial to recognize public health and consumer protection and construct pre-preventive Food Control System. A joint committee, FAO/WHO made the following consultations to the National Food Safety System. ${\circ}$ Approach entirely from farm to table ${\circ}$ Get ready for Risk Analysis System ${\circ}$ Secure transparency ${\circ}$ Establish the optimal policy by evaluating the effect of regulation When it comes to summarizing the consultation, it would be accumulated as two key words; "Efficiency" and "Credibility". Whereas the problem of efficiency focuses on precaution rather than post-management, it requires policy option to maximize consumer's benefit by evaluating the cost for the Food Safety Management and its benefit. Also, analyzing risk's character and amount, demanding an optimal means, and introducing scientific analysis system put much value on the stakeholder's communications are procedure's security which can satisfy both "Efficiency" and "Credibility" simultaneously. Especially, it is emphasized here that Risk Assessment need to be separated from Risk Management. This action is a valid means of credibility security throughout improving transparency. A number of nations and organizations have reformed the method of food management passing through reflection and examination of the prior National Food Safety Management since BSE occurred in Britain, 1996. FSA; Food Standard Agency, AFFSA, EFSA, BfR, and FSC are Risk Assessment Organization functionally separated from Risk Management Organization, JECFA, JMCFA, JMPR, JEMRA in Codex charge Risk Assessment internationally. In case of advanced countries excluding several those such as The U.S. and so forth, though these Risk Assessment Organizations are either separated functionally within Risk Management Organization or operated as apart organ, common factors are in which it has independence as Science Base. While securing independence of Risk Assessment Function, it is a tendency Risk Management should be functionally unified into efficiency as well. Though Germany constructs integral Risk Management System of diverse ways according to social and political conditions of each country such as GFOCP, DVFA, SNFA, CFIS and AQIS, there is a key word in the center, "Securing efficiency of Food Safety Management". However our nation has a representative plural；diversified system with The U.S., we took a step forward for unification as empowering policy's generalization；adjustment and Risk Assessment Function by means of enacting the "Food Safety Fundamental Law" in 2008 and establishing the "Food Safety Policy Commission" with private and governmental sectors in the Prime Minister's office. Even though the unification of Risk Management hereby increased, there is the lack of strengthening function of Risk Assessment and securing independence. It needs to be required for the professional committee in Food Safety Policy Commission to develop as a exclusive office of Risk Assessment by separating from a policy decision. Administrative Branches should reinforce feeble functions such as fundamental investigation；research for carrying out Risk Assessment with securing efficiency throughout reassessment of prior Risk Management Means.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.241-250
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• 2020

This study examines the relationship between the attributes of board structure and the likelihood of financial distress for the non-financial sector of an emerging market characterized by concentrated ownership and family-controlled business. The present study utilized panel logistic regression to estimate the relationship between board structure attributes and the likelihood of financial distress. We used Altman Z-Score as a proxy for firm financial distress, as this tool measures the financial distress inversely. The study finds a significant relationship between board size and the likelihood of financial distress. The results show that a one-unit increase in board size would decrease the probability of financial distress by 3.4%. Further, we observe that a greater level of board independence is associated with a lower likelihood of financial distress. A one-unit increase in board independence would decrease the probability of financial distress by 20.4%. We also find a significant positive impact of leverage on the likelihood of financial distress. The present study contributes to the body of literature on board structure attributes and likelihood of financial distress in emerging markets, like Pakistan. Furthermore, the findings would be beneficial for corporate policymakers and investors in formulating corporate financial strategy and predicting business failure.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.401-418
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of Practical Problem-Based Home Economics Instruction (PPBHEI) on middle school students' creativity, focusing on the content on "clothing management and recycling." This study carried out quasi-experimental research with an independent variable of PPBHEI and a dependent variable of creativity. The experiment was based on a sample of 62 (31 in each group) second grade students in the Cheongju area over four class hours. ANCOVA was performed to examine pre-test and post-test differences between the experimental group and the control group. The results showed that PPBHEI did not improve the level of creativity but improved the level of creative motivation among the sub-elements of creativity (creative thinking, creative tendency, creative motivation). In particular, PPBHEI improved the level of independence in creative tendency, intrinsic motivation, and diligence in creative motivation. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that PPBHEI is effective in improving independence, intrinsic motivation, and diligence in respect of middle school students'creativity.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-39
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• 2013

Considering the relationship between state-owned enterprise (SOE) CEOs and political circles, this study examines the performance impacts of CEO's succession type, board chair separation, and industry expertise and finance expertise of CEOs and outside directors. I propose the definition of political independence in SOE CEOs based on the independence in appearance that might affect general people's perception. It means that there are no relationships or circumstances that might affect SOE CEO's judgment, activity, and report. The definition is able to overcome the limitations of the prior research that could not discover the CEOs who were affiliated to political circles because the research just distinguished the CEOs following their pre-jobs. This study focused on the performance impacts of political independence impaired CEO as well as the CEO's impacts on the relationship between the performance and other corporate governance variables. I selected as dependent variables the average return on asset as operating income divided by total assets and the average customer satisfaction rate evaluated by Korean government during the first three years following the year of the events of explanatory variables. My theory and evidence from the various CEO's personal background and financial information from SOEs in Lee Myung-bak Administration and Rho Moo-hyun Administration suggest the following important things. First, the analysis based on whether or not a SOE CEO keeps political independence shows that a political independence impaired CEO made a significantly negative impact on customer satisfaction rate. Second, the separation between a board chair and a CEO in SOEs introduced by Korean Act on Management of Public Institutions made a significantly positive impact on customer satisfaction rate. However, the positive impact of the board chair separation was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Third, outside director's industry expertise made a significantly positive impact on return on asset. However, the positive impact of the outside director's industry expertise was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Fourth, the comparison between Lee Myung-bak Administration and Roh Moo-hyun Administration on the corporate governance and performance of SOEs shows that the ratio of political independence impaired CEO was significantly higher in Lee Administration and the ratio of outside director's industry expertise and finance expertise were respectively significantly higher in Roh Administration. Based on these results, I suggested a few policy alternatives for CEO's improved political independence and requirements for executive's expertise in SOEs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.16 no.27
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• pp.1-10
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• 1993

This study aims to find the creative management system for the Company-Wide Creativity Development(CWCD). And this study consider managemant culture to find CWCD system because managemant culture have influence on the specific character of the personality and beheavior of the system member. To consider managemant culture, this study attempt to compare Korea managemant culture with America, Japanese managemant culture. Through this study we know that we must throw the authoritarianism, the egoism and try to resurrect Korean independence to find CWCD system in korea companies.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

This study considered the characteristic through the present state of domestic literature museum and grouping by type to help the understanding for domestic literature museum. And conducted a case study on Gyeongsang-do region literature museum to grasp the space form composition characteristic of literature museum. The result gained through these studies is as follows. First, grouping domestic literature museum by type, we can conduct the classification founded on location character, an exhibition writer, and the main body of erection and maintenance management. Second, the classification founded on location character of literature museum is able to be divided into the type of the house of writer's birth, a literary work, writing, and etc. Third, the classification founded on the number of exhibition writers can be divided into the type of independence, an individual pavilion, and integration. Fourthly, the classification founded on the main body of erection and management can be divided into the case in which a local self-governing body is wholly in charge of erection and management, a local government is in charge of erection but entrusts management to a corporate body, etc., a corporate body is in charge of erection and management, and a private person is in charge of erection and management. Fifthly, speaking of the characteristic by type of the Gyeongsang-do region literature museum, the classification founded on location has the type of the house of writer's birth the most, the classification founded on the number of exhibition writers has the type of independence the most, and the classification founded on the main body of erection and management has the most the type in which a local self-governing body is in charge of erection and management. Also, for the characteristic by space form, the case which expresses the character of Korean traditional architecture by form is many the most, and there are pieces of work to pursue shape beauty through the articulation of mass or molding manipulation and the change by space form through the proper combination of concreteness and abstraction as well.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.4 s.76
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• pp.67-77
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify housing attributes that make residents feel 'at home' in ALFs in Southwest Virginia. For this purpose, residents' needs, experiences, and opinions of the physical environment, the social environment and the organizational environments such as policies and programs of ALFs were identified. As a multi-case study, five ALFs in Southwest Virginia were studied using constant comparative methods of data analysis. In addition to face-to-face interviews with 25 residents and 5 administrators of five ALFs, observations were conducted with personal journal. Each facility was designed to be a single-family house or multi-family dwelling in outside appearance. Most of the respondents were satisfied with their current dwelling as a 'home' in terms of homelike attributes such as 'autonomy/ privacy', personalization,' safety and security,' services and care,' independence,' social interaction/friendship,' family support,' and 'rules and regulations.' In spite of high satisfaction with the facility, however, many people did not think of their current dwelling as a real 'home'. As the biggest difference between living in their own homes and living in the ALF, people feinted out a lack of independence and social interaction. Residents of ALFs may have reordered their priorities in their current life situation so that safety, security, and caie were more important to them than fooling "at home."

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.11-19
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• 2020

This study examines the factors that affect firm's liquidity in manufacturing companies listed in Vietnam. Factors studied include the board size, the board independence, the firm size, the firm age, and its return. We use different metrics to measure firm's solvency status, including the cash ratio, the quick ratio, and the cash conversion cycle. Accordingly, three econometric models are built to test hypotheses proposed by researchers in order to explain the relationship between the five factors above and liquidity's measures. The study used the data set of manufacturing companies listed on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange in the period from 2015 to 2019. The final sample group comprises 139 firms with 633 observations. The results show that in manufacturing firms, while the cash ratio and the quick ratio are positively associated to the board size, the board independence, and the firm's profitability, the net operating cycle is negatively correlated to the board size, the firm size, the board independence, and the profitability. Therefore, larger firms with larger board size and more independent members can help to improve capital management efficiency.There is no evidence for the relationship between the firm age and solvency measurements, between cash conversion cycle and firm's profitability.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.15-33
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• 2015

The present study conducted ethnography of a welfare facility for single-father families. The participants were 13 single-fathers living in a welfare facility. To explore life within the welfare facility, the qualitative research method of ethnography was used with Spradley's developmental research sequence (DRS). The major results of this study were as follows. The first theme was 'finding a way to overcome the crisis: the facility is a lifeline.' For fathers, choosing to enter a facility meant enduring a social stigma, but the decision was made with the hope of achieving successful parenting and economic independence amidst pressing difficulties. The category of living in the facility was represented by the theme 'build the family: preparing for independence through living in a welfare facility.' The fathers achieved psychological recovery through the decrease in parenting stress, improvements in their economic situation brought by living in a facility, and used this time as the foundation to gain independence and build a stable life. The event of departure from the facility was seen as 'incomplete preparation for departure' by the single fathers. The fathers with infants or younger children admitted to being anxious about leaving the facility, which involved the burden of raising the children on their own. There are practical and policy-related implications based on the results of this study.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

The objectives of this study are to analyze the energy independence plan and to propose a suitable sewage treatment plant in Korea. The total amount of electricity consumption for public sewage treatment plant was estimated as 1,812 GWh in 2007. It was estimated that total 16 sewage treatment plants with renewable energy systems produced electricity of 15 GWh per year, which could replace 0.8% of total electricity used for sewage treatment. It was found that domestic sewage treatment plants with power generation plants by digestion gas were installed in 7 places and produced electricity of 13 GWh per year. It was also found that the power generation plants by digestion gas were the most cost-effective for sewage treatment plant out of the renewable energy systems based on the benefit-cost analysis.