• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.77-86
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• 2018

This study was carried out by using the concentration index calculation method from 1996 to 2016 by using the household trend survey data to confirm the difference of income transfer income and inequality in public transfer income. The main results are as follows. First, the public transfer income concentration index in 1996 was concentrated on the high income group with +0.2774, but since 2009, the concentration index has been negative (-), which has concentrated on the low income group. However, the effect of redistribution of income was small. Second, the average public transfer income of low - income households increased significantly while the number of high income earners decreased. It is gradually improving that public transfer income did not play a role in the improvement of income inequality. Third, public transfer income has been continuously increasing in all income classes, and the rate of increase is low in the low income class and slow in the high income class, so the public transfer income of the low income class is higher than that of the high income class. In sum, the inequality of public transfer income by income class in Korea is gradually improving, but it is not considered to be a level that can improve the inequality between income groups.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.255-259
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• 2012

Objective: This study aims to investigate relationship between representative anthropometric dimensions and income levels for Korean from 1958 to 1989. The anthropometric dimensions include stature and body weight, and GNP per head was used as an index of income level. Background: Although anthropometric dimensions were affected by varying factors such as genetic, environmental and socioeconomic factors, most studies on anthropometry have focused on measurement methods, providing data and their characteristics. Method: Anthropometric data were retrieved from homepages of Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, and Ministry of Culture, Sports & Tourism, and GNPs per head by year from Korean Statistical Information Service. Results: During analysis period, statures and body weights for males and females increased by 6.4cm and 6.1cm, 10.7kg and 4.0kg, respectively. Infants' stature and body weight nearly linearly increased with GNPs per head. Anthropometric dimensions of stature and body weight were very positively correlated with GNPs per head. Conclusion: This study revealed that income levels significantly affect stature and body weight. Application: The results would be used as a valuable basic data when establishing government policies related to anthropometry.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.213-242
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• 2009

This study examined the factors affecting social welfare service utilization of general group and low-income group. The following influencing variables were selected based on the model developed by Anderson and Newman(1973): predisposing factors, enabling factors, need factors. The result shows that in both group the possibility of service utilization is high in case of having a spouse, more family members, feeling one's health ill, no chronic disease. And service use level is high in case of having no spouse, lower income in general group, higher income in low-income group, more family members, feeling one's health ill, having a chronic disease. In addition, the higher service use level is associated in low-income group with men rather than women, younger age, low education, the unemployed rather than the employed, urban residents, low life satisfaction. These findings provide implications and suggestions that each income group has various characteristics and needs, so it is necessary to provide comprehensive and appropriate services through the investigation for potential service recipients' needs.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.153-174
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the leisure activities of housewives, to identify the factors that influence leisure activities, and to explore the factors contribute to their life satisfaction. So, this study analyses the effects of econo-demographic and socio-cultural variables and of leisure constraint factors on the leisure activities of housewives. And it deals with how these variables and the leisure activities influence life satisfaction of housewives. For these puoposes, 508 housewives residing in Seoul & Daegu were selected for interviews. For data analysis such statistical methods as ANOVA, t-test, Pearson's correlation, adn Multiple Regression Analysis can be summarised. The main findings of the research are as follows: 1. Leisure acivities are classified in Self-developmental, Home-oriented, Time-consuming, Social and Children-concerned types by the technique of factor analysis. The average particiation level was high in Time-consuming type, but low in Self-developmental type. 2. The participation level of leisure activities shows significant differences by selected variables: The Self-developmental type shows significant differences by housewife's education level, income, husband's occupation, role orientation, home management type and leisure constraints. And Children-concerned type was differed to number of family nember, number of children, age of housewife and age of housewife and age of the youngst child. 3. The preference level of leisure activities differ by housewife's education level, income, husband's occupation, home management type and leisure constraints in the Self-developmental and the Social type. And the preference level of Home-oriented leisure activities was high in the middle class of income and husband's occupation. 4. The preference and participation level of leisure activities show differences. And the variables affecting the differences were housewife's age, education level, home management type, role orientation, leisure constraint factors in the Self-developmental type, and were demographic variables such as number of family member, housewife's age in the Home-oriented type. 5. The variables which affected the level of life satisfaction independently were leisure space, income, the participation level of the Self-developmental and the Social type and the preference level of the Self-developmental type.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological factors influencing school adjustment of adolescents from low-income families. Methods: Secondary data analysis was performed using data of 1,321 low-income adolescents in 123 regions found on the Survey on Service Satisfaction with Community Child Care Center. Results: The results of multi-level analysis identified the factors influencing school adjustment of low-income adolescents as follows: individual-level factors were gender, grade in school, and emotional problem; an interpersonal-level factor was family structure; organizational-level factors were length of time attending center and satisfaction with the service of the center; community-level factors were region and perception of community. Conclusion: The results suggest that low-income adolescents' adjustment to school is influenced not only by individual factors but also by diverse environmental factors. Community factors suggest that more education support systems and leisure facilities for adolescents need to be built in small and medium cities. Strategies to enhance positive perception of community are also needed for this population. Further, it is necessary to develop multi-level interventions to improve the school adjustment of adolescents from vulnerable social groups.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among financial debt burden, psychological factors and financial stress. Data was collected by surveying 450 individuals who were over twenty years old, and 384 were used for the analysis. As the result, first, number of sources of debt, use of each debt, marital status/double income, housing, debt amount and financial stress were found to be significantly different among three groups(debt free, non risky, risky). In addition, marital status/double income, gender, housing and income were found to significantly influence to the probability of being one of the three groups. Second, level of debt burden, age, employment and income were found to significantly influence to financial stress, while psychological factors such as risk tolerance and self-control were not. It might be noteworthy that people in debt were likely to have higher level of stress, while the older, employed, and having higher income were likely to have lower level of stress. This study would provide useful information in terms of debt policy to relieve the financial stress.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine the degree to which Small-to-Medium Enterprise (SME) owners and operators in Mountain Province were willing to take on financial risk to invest in the capital markets as a potential additional source of income, as well as the extent to which these five indicator variables-particularly their income, expenses, financial goals, liquid cash, and insurance coverage-were influenced by demographic factors. The study used a quantitative approach and employed a descriptive survey research method. The results show that the SME Owners and Operators in Mountain Province have minimal knowledge of capital market investments which makes them moderate investors with a neutral level of financial risk tolerance toward capital market investment. Their marital status, net income, and educational attainment significantly influence their financial risk tolerance level. The respondents also believe that engaging in the capital markets will grow their businesses. Further, the extent of influence of Income, Expenses, Liquid Cash, and Insurance Cover on the financial risk tolerance of the SME owners and operators in Mountain Province a great extent; thus, making them careful in investing in the capital markets, and it is primarily affected by their Net Income. Consequently, the financial goals of SME owners and operators in Mountain Province have a vital role in their financial risk tolerance level.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 2009

Purpose: This study investigated depression, ADL, ADL, QOL, and their relationships to examine the physical and, emotional health status of low income elderly in the local community. Methods: The subjects included 507 elderly 65 years of age in Jeonju, Korea. Data were collected through personal interviews with questionnaires. Results: The average depression score of the subjects was 8.7. There was significant difference in the level of depression as a function of the level of education and perceived health status. The items showing the highest level of functioning in ADL were consciousness and recognition, and the item combining the highest leveling of functioning in IADL was using phones. Regarding ADL and IADL, there were statistically significant differences in age. living condition and perceived health status. The levels of quality of life of the subjects were significantly different with respect to gender and, perceived health status. There were statistically significant correlations between the subjects' depression, ADL, IADL, and QOL. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the low income elderly in the local community were in poor physical and, psychological health. Based upon the outcome, health promotion programs to improve depression, ADL, and IADL of low income elderly in the community are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 2014

This paper discusses life expectancy differentials of beneficiaries of national pension old-age benefit and benefit-cost analysis in Korea. These results are useful indicators for the assessment of retirement income security of beneficiaries and old-age benefits. This paper analyzes benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return and generation transfer amount, using life tables by lifetime incomes. The result of the actuarial analysis for male life expectancy is approximately 21.69 to 24.63 years. The result of the actuarial analysis for female life expectancy is approximately 27.63 to 29.81 years. The result of the actuarial analysis of low income level is that the benefit-cost ratio is lower approximately 2.68 to 4.83%, the internal rate of return lower approximately 0.00 to 0.74%, the generation transfer amount lower approximately 3.00 to 5.74%, than total income level. The result of the actuarial analysis of high income level is that the benefit-cost ratio is higher approximately 2.07 to 4.98%, the internal rate of return higher approximately 0.03 to 1.73%, the generation transfer amount higher approximately 2.53 to 9.68%, than the total income level. The results by income varies due to the effect of income redistribution and life expectancy on the national pension.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.506-519
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age in the Korea. Methods: The data were derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302) which included 211 576 participants. To analyze the relationships of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age, multiple logistic regression was conducted with adjustments for these variables. Results: The prevalence of hypertension increased linearly as income decreased. The odds ratio for developing hypertension in people with an income of <0.5 million Korean won (KRW) compared to ≥6.0 million KRW was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.93) in the total population, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.98) in male, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.35 to 3.28) in female. The combined effect of income level and marital status on hypertension was significant. According to income level and marital status, in male, low income and divorce were most associated with hypertension (1.76 times; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.08). However, in female, the low-income, married group was most associated with hypertension (1.83 times; 95% CI, 1.71 to 1.97). Conclusions: The results of this study show that it is necessary to approach male and female marital status separately according to income in health policies to address inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension.