• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

The annual income (gross margin) in 1989/90 of a sample of 274 farmers in seven milk cooperatives was analyzed in the sugar cane, cassava, and horticulture areas in East Java. On average dairying contributed 42%, crops 29% and off-farm revenue 29%. Dairy income was highest in the cassava area, where it compensated for the low crop income, and lowest in the sugar cane area. Farm area and average milk yield per day per cow correlated positively with farmer's income, whereas crop income increase significantly with farm area and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and on total income. Government officials and other professionals engaged in dairying had a significantly higher total income than those with their main occupation in dairying, cropping or working as farm labourers. Uneducated farmers obtained a significantly larger income through crops, whereas farmers with tertiary education obtained more income through off-farm work, This study suggests that more attention must be paid to the actual use of labour and the improvement of the dairy output/cost ratio.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2006

This research focused on the family stress and family strengths in double-income couples. The subjects of this study were 171 double-income couples, in the Kyeongnam Area, Korea. The major findings from the study are as follows. 1) The degree of family stress of the husband and wife in double-income couples was 2.90 and 2.97, respectively, on a scale of 0-5.0. The significant variables were economic level, self-esteem and marital satisfaction in double-income couples' husband, and having a housework-helper, job satisfaction, self-esteem and marital satisfaction in double-income couples' wife. 2) The degree of family strengths of the husband and wife in double-income couples was 3.84 and 3.82, respectively, on a scale of 0-5.0. The significant variables were job satisfaction, self-esteem and marital satisfaction in double-income couples' husband, and the educational level, job type, self-esteem and marital satisfaction in double-income couples' wife. 3) There was a close inverse correlation between the lamely stress and family strengths in the husband and wife of double-income couples.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.985-997
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• 2006

In this study, we grasped the life time structure according to working woman's income using '2004 life time research' of Korea National Statistical Office. Concrete results are shown as follows. First, inspecting the difference of individual characteristic according to income, young women who have higher education level and larger house area had acquired more income. Second, in case of the difference of life time according to income, there was no difference of individual support time, while there was statistically significant difference of working hours, household affairs, leisure time and moving hours. Third, inspecting the individual time of working, household affairs, bringing up and leisure according to income, there was statistically significant difference by age, education level, sense of time oppression, and fatigue cognition. This individual difference was revealed more strongly in medium to low-ranked group.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of expenditure adequacy of eldery households. Data for this study were collected from 2002 House Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea National Statistical Office, which is consisting of a sample of 918 eldery households. Expenditure adequacy was investigated by the Spending to Income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. The results showed that 48% of households spent more than 100% of their taken-home income or less than the minimum standard of living. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of expenditure adequacy. Gender, age, education, job status, family size, and level of income were significant determinants of spending to income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. Family size had negative effect on expenditure adequacy, householder's job status and the level of income had positive relationship with it.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.77-97
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• 2009

This study evaluates the poverty experiences of low-income single mothers according to the Capability Approach of Amartya Sen. In this approach, the capability to achieve the basic functionings of life, not income itself, is the criterion of poverty. 26 single mothers were interviewed using focus-group interviews and in-depth interviews. 21 functionings on the existence level, 18 on the relatedness level, and 15 on the growth level were found in the areas of work, health, food consumption, clothing, housing, child rearing, and leisure. The results of this study suggest that low-income single mothers can achieve only some of the existence level functionings with significant help from welfare services. They can scarcely achieve higher level functionings in any of these areas.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the level of development. Moreover, this research attempts to discover the determinants of ECI in the globalization wave. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the relationship between ECI and the level of development in middle- and high-income economies from 1995 to 2010 by using systemic qualitative analysis, including OLS, fixed-effects, and system GMM. Next, this research used OLS regression to find the determinants of ECI. In particular, we compared the effects of different factors on ECI in the different development stages. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: 1. If the ECI increases by 1, it could lead to an increase of about 30% in the level of development in middle- and high-income economies. 2. Human capital plays an important role in the development of and increase in ECI. 3. GVC participation and outflow FDI enhance an increase in ECI, in particular in middle-income economies. 4. The development of manufacturing industries is helpful to increase ECI; however, middle-income economies should pay more attention to their comparative advantage industries. 5. R&D has positive effects on the ECI. Originality/value - To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that uses systemic qualitative analysis to investigate the relationship between ECI and the level of development. The paper provides suggestions for policy makers to increase ECI under the current wave of globalization, in particular in middle-income economies.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.175-193
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• 2018

This study identified the rate of income poverty and multidimensional poverty, correlation between income poverty and multidimensional poverty, and adjusted multidimensional poverty rate. We also analyzed the factors that affected the number of poverty dimension and the probability of belonging to the poor or not in 3,159 elderly households including 474 poor households and 2,685 middle class households. First, in poor households, the employment poverty rate was the highest and the housing poverty rate was the lowest. In middle class households, the relation poverty rate was the highest and the employment poverty rate was the lowest. Second, in poor households, correlation between asset poverty and relation poverty had the highest coefficient of .205 and asset poverty and housing poverty had the lowest coefficient of .149. In middle class households, the correlation between income poverty and relation poverty had highest coefficient of -.290 and employment poverty and relation poverty had the lowest coefficient of .038. Third, in poor households, the number of average poverty dimension was 4.30, but the number of average poverty dimensions of middle class households was 2.310. Fourth, the variable affecting the number of poverty dimensions in poor households were gender, age, level of education, marital status; however, the significant variables were gender, education level, marital status, income poverty in the middle class households. The variable that affected the probability of belonging to the poor or not in poor households was age. However, the significant variables were gender, education level, marital status, residence, and income poverty in middle class households.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2021

If one is looking for an organization that will be responsive to community needs, stimulate economic growth, and raise people's income, cooperatives should be an obvious choice (Calkins & Ngo, 2005; Larocque et al., 2002). This paper investigates whether the households' income is affected by the access to cooperatives for the case of Phong Dien district, Can Tho city of Vietnam. Data used are directly collected from 250 households that are both participating (120 observations) and not participating in the cooperatives in Truong Long, Tan Thoi, Nhon Ai and Nhon Nghia communes. By using the Probit model, the findings show that there are three statistically significant factors affecting the ability of farm households to participate in the cooperatives at the 1 percent level including land area, distance to market center, and education level. In addition, the PSM model analysis suggests that the average income of cooperative members is significantly higher than that of non-members, about 40.880 million VND/year at the significance level of 1 percent. The empirical results imply that being a cooperative member is a significant contributory factor toward an increase in household income. Based on the research findings, several recommendations to improve the households' income are proposed.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.119-138
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• 1989

This study attempts to apply its result to decision whether housewives are in the labor market or not by investigating the level of reservation wage of them and the influencing factors on it. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects by identifying , on the basis of theoretical models, the factors that influence reservation wage, and to predict future state of female employment. 1) The level of reservation wage of housewives showed significant differences by husband's income, household asset, housewife's education level, housewife's age, number of children division of husband in household labor, and by three marketization of housework. 2) The variables which affected reservation wage of housewife independently had influence on it in the following order: Husband's income, education level, age affect positively reservation wage of housewife, and a negative relation has been found between division of husband, level of commodity substitution and reservation wage of housewife. 3) Husband's income, housewife's education level, housewife's age, division of husband in household labor, level of commodity substitution give direct effects on reservation wage of housewife. Education level, age, number of children and family type influenced reservation wage of housewife through level of commodity substitution indirectly.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2020

본 연구는 노인들의 교육과 소득정도에 따른 구강건강상태 및 관리행태와 치과이용행태를 파악하여, 노인구강건강 증진에 대한 정책과 제도를 마련하기 위한 근거자료를 제시하고자 실시하였다. 자료조사는 2019년 8월 19일부터 2019년 10월 25일까지 대전지역에 거주하는 노인 224명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 chi-square test와 logistic regression analysis 등으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 구강건강상태 및 관리행태는 틀니사용, 임플란트사용, 구강위생용품사용, 구강보건교육경험, 구강건강관리방법에서 교육과 소득정도에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 치과이용행태도 교육과 소득정도에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 연령, 교육 정도, 임플란트사용 여부, 치과이용의 주된 이유가 치과이용에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구를 토대로 교육 및 소득정도를 고려한 국가적 차원의 제도적 방안이 마련되어 노인들의 구강건강의 삶의 질이 향상될 수 있기를 기대한다.