• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.93-129
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• 2013

Analyzing the change in consumption pattern depending on the employment of married women, the spendings in transportation, education, and dining out are increased. The change in consumption patterns depending on the increase of dual-income family can be seen as the increased demand of market service that replaces the household production service. Especially when the employment of married woman from high income class(highly educated, middle-class, upper-class) is increased, they tend to get employed in more professional and highly skilled industries, which leads to higher effect on employment induction, and consequently increasing the labor demand for low-skilled service industry.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

This study aimed to examine the needs for the planning of group homes for the elderly with dementia in lower income class, who have more economic burden on the caring the demented aged. The survey was conducted by questionnaires collected from 300 respondents from December 2000 to March 2001. Methods of analysis were frequency distribution, mean and chi-square test. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The respondents perceived that the responsibility to take care of the elderly with dementia belonged to their family, not to society or the government, and the sons and daughters had to share the burden placed on care-givers. 2) The awareness of group homes for dementia was relatively low. 3) The respondents' needs for the group homes with dementia could be summarized as follows; small scale plan with homelike atmosphere, a total of 6-8 residents, structural type of detached house or three-storied town house, 2-3 persons per individual room, and management system by non-profit organization or the government. There were no big differences between the respondents of this study and upper and middle class studies conducted by other research, except for some details. Referring to results of this study, it is asserted that group homes for the elderly with dementia would be embraced throughout the country if poetical assistance combined with economic support were provided.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-122
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• 1988

This study attempts to analyse the food consumption expenditure patterns of wage-Earner's Households n terms of the changes in income during 1975∼1985. For the purpose of these time-series analysis and cross-section analysis, household survey data 'Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey'- was used. The main results can be summarized as follows : 1. The proportion of the food expenditures has decreased with the increased of income in the city families during 1975∼1985. The Income-Elasticity and limit spending habits has decreased with the increase of income in the city families during 1975∼1985. 2. Analyzing the structure of the food consumption of each income class, the results reflected the Engel's law. That is to say, the higher income was, the more absolute expense for food was, but the rate of it was.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2004

This study is to examine relationships of several socioeconomic position indicators with mortality risk in a nationwide longitudinal study of South Korea. The Korea Labor & Income Panel Study, conducted on a probability sample of urban South Korean households by Korea Labor Institute, contains date of death information for the decedents which were used to estimate relative risks of mortality and their $95\%$ confidence intervals (CI) with Cox regression analysis. A total of 125 men and women among 8,415 subjects died between 1998 and 2002. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality were observed after adjustment for sex and age. Those with less than 12-year education had 1.90 times $(95\%\;CI=1.25-2.91)$ greater mortality risk than those with 12-year education or more. Greater mortality risks were also found among those with low occupational class and manual occupation. The magnitude of differentials in mortality risks between occupational class were similar in two different approaches to measuring women's occupational class: (1) approach 1 where women, married or not, retain their own occupational class, and (2) approach 2 where married women are assigned their husbands' occupational class. Relative risks of dying among those with low household Income were 1.62 $(95\%\; CI=1.08-2.42)$ compared with the counterparts. Those who reported economic hardship at the time of survey in 1998 had greater risk of mortality $(RR=1.83,\;95\%\;CI=1.21-2.78)$ than those who did not. In conclusion, increased social discourse and policy discussions about these health inequalities are needed in Korean society. Future studies should explore the causes and mechanisms of socioeconomic mortality inequalities.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.217-227
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• 2021

This paper aims to investigate factors affecting museum visits of young people in Vietnam by sending questionnaires to 2106 young people aged between 14-30 in Vietnam. With the support of SPSS version 2016 and STATA version 22, this paper illustrates that the empirical findings are appropriate with previous literature reviews. Research hypotheses such as learning purposes, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and museum architecture are significantly and positively correlated with museum visits measured through customer visiting intention, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Furthermore, males have a stronger interest in visiting the museum but a low re-visit intention than females. People with a higher level of education and higher income are also more likely to visit the museum than those with a lower level of education and income. Finally, the research results suggest that the family class and the orientation of parents play an important role in encouraging children to increase museum visiting intention; however, children of high-class families are less likely to have a high intention, satisfaction, and loyalty toward museum visitation than children of lower-class families.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.177-191
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• 1992

This study investigated how different relationships the family has with its social networks by social class. Among research families' primary social networks, the wife's relatives are the most, the neighbor the second, the husband's relative the third, and the church (or other religious groups) the fourth. Social class does not make any difference in what social network is the family's primary social network. When the husband or the wife participates in a social network, he or she tends to participate alone without his or her spouse. When the husband's educational level is high, the wife tends to participate in her alumni association alone. When the husband is in a professional or a white-collar occupation, he is likely to socialize with his work associates alone. On the contrary, when the family income gets high, the husband tends to bring his wife to his alumni association. When looking for a job, most husbands and wives do not resort to a social network for help. Lower-class people are more likely to obtain jobs through their social networks compared to higher-class people. That is, the lower one's educational levle, one's occupational status, or the family income is, the more likely one gets help from some social networks in searching jobs.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.65-76
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• 2023

Purpose: It suggests that in order to compare economic development between large cities, this paper aims to exclude factors such as GDP, trade, manpower, R&D, then present newly an analysis of others (inflation, exports, middle-class, competitiveness, digital). Research design, data, and methodology: In the period of rapid digitalization of the world, we would like to deal with different analysis factors than before. This is because digitalization and prices have the greatest impact on the region in terms of national competitiveness. Random sampling was used as the sample size of this study to generate various values for the annual income of the middle class and the competitiveness index, and the analysis method was used. This is because the income of the middle class can lead the digitalization of the country and accelerate it to standardization. Results: Based on these analysis, it is necessary to reduce the inflation rate of digitalization, it is necessary to lower inflation rates. This can be more fundamental than interest rates. If the demand for digitalization is reduced, national competitiveness, national competitiveness will lower national competitiveness. By building a hub for middle class, you can reduce this inflation rate without China's oversupply. Conclusion: This is because it is difficult to maintain competitiveness through interest rate control, as prices rise, and inflation can become unstable. This study can seek digital acceptance by the middle class as a solution to problems like the regional economic confrontation of new globalization inflation environment.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.87-114
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• 2009

Most previous studies on income inequality have limitations in reflecting recent changes and heterogeneity in women's working patterns and their family structure by regarding them as a homogeneous group. This study aims to investigate the trends of income inequality among women during the past 9 years since 1997 and to examine what is the most influential factor on these changes. The results show that the overall trend of income inequality among women is decreasing due to the income decrease of the middle class women and the income increase of the lower class. Among various factors, education, age, and marital status are key factors affecting inequality changes during this period. This study has the following policy implications: first, it is necessary to implement the child care services for the divorced and separated women, who are more likely to fall in poverty. Second, the increase of the basic pension benefits is needed particularly for the poor old women, who is more likely live longer in a desperate status.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.89-109
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• 2006

The 'Joongsancheung(JSC)', a unique term for the middle class in Korea, is defined as a stratum sharing common lifestyles and a certain level of life chances. It involves non-economic factors such as life chance, educational attainment, occupational groups as well as economic factor. Such objective measures as the occupational status of the main breadwinner, family income, and the educational level of respondent, and subjective measures of class identification are used for the operational definition of the JSC. Data from a national survey of 1,515 respondents is analyzed to investigate the change of the JSC in size and the major determinants of class identification. The results show that while there is no strong evidence of any significant change of the JSC by the objective measures during the recent decade, there seems to be a slight decrease in the subjective class identification. In addition, binary logistical regression analysis reveals that self-identification of JSC is heavily influenced by house ownership, along with subjective evaluation of one's own income and property ownership. This study demonstrates that the apparent class polarization in Korean society reflects not so much objective conditions but subjective perception of respondent of his or her circumstance. It is suggested that problems of housing and relative derivation people have as regards income and property should be resolved to alleviate such class polarization in Korean society.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-74
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• 2014

Over the past few years Korea has achieved rapid economic growth, while the deepening polarization of income has negatively affected Korea economy and society. It can be the reason of this negative effect on economy that the increased income by the economic growth has not been distributed socially, but overly focused on one part of social class. One of the important and powerful solution of social polarization could be the strengthening of the income distribution. In these circumstances, the social interest and discussion on the universal welfare system and on the basic income as the means of income redistribution have been increasing. In this study, a system dynamic analysis was conducted to find how an universal cash payment as basic income providing cash benefits impacts on the promotion of consumption in private sector, of local jobs and of local economic organizations. Recently, the poor energy consumption ability of energy poverty became one of the social problems. Also it was analysed how an energy payment-in-kind as basic income influences on the energy consumption of the region, the energy production capacity, the promotion of local energy. The universal cash payment and energy payment-in-kind as the basic income policy showed similar and positive effects on the local economy system and on the local energy system respectively.