• 성인간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.256-266
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of the standardized Korean nomenclature of Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), developed by Johnson & Maas at the University of Iowa. The four phases of the study were: (1) translation of the NOC into Korean by the research team, (2) four nursing professors and eight nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed each nomenclature taking into consideration definitions and nursing activities. The modified Delphi method was used to determine the most appropriate nomenclature for each term; (3) Twenty four academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) the team determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each class of the NOC. The mean validity score of 190 items was 4.54, but several nursing outcome had a score lower than 4.0. They included 'adherence behavior(3.3)', 'ambulation : walking(3.57)', 'transfer performance (3.57)', 'caregiving endurance potential(3.57)'.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2002

웹사이트에서의 고객맞춤 디자인에 대한 요구는 갈수록 증대되고 있다. 웹사이트 디자인을 고객맞춤하는데는 정적/선택적 방식과 투명적/적응적 방식이 적용될 수 있다. 정적/투명적 방식은 구축 비용과 시간상의 장점이 있으나 고객 데이터가 축적되지 않으므로 보다 세련된 고객맞춤이 어렵다. 투명적/적응적 방식은 고객의 내재된 가치를 분석하여 적용하는데 용이하나 데이터가 충분치 않을 경우 부적절한 고객맞춤이 이루어질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 접근 방법들의 보다 통합적인 활용을 위하여 "고객 참여 수준의 조정"과 "고객 컨텍스트 정보의 수집, 디자인 요소에 적합한 필터링 도구 개발"과 같은 운영방안들을 제시하였다.t;과 같은 운영방안들을 제시하였다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2020

Purpose: Prior studies empirically examine how financial flexibility is related to required returns by using realized returns and considering cash holdings as net debts, but they fail to find consistent results. Conjecturing that inappropriate proxy of required returns and aggregation of cash and debts caused the inconsistent results, this study revisits this topic by using a refined proxy of required returns and separating cash holdings from debts. Research design, data and methodology: This study uses a multivariate regression model to investigate the relationship between required returns on cash holdings and financial leverage. The required returns are estimated using the return decomposition method by vector autoregression model. Empirical tests use US stock market data from1968 to 2011. Results: Empirical results reveal that both cash holdings and leverage are positively related to required returns. The positive relation is stronger in economic downturns than in economic upturns. Conclusions: Three major findings are drawn. First, risky firms prefer large cash balance. Second, information shocks in the realized returns caused failure of prior studies to find consistent positive relationship between leverage and realized returns. Third, cash and leverage are related to required returns in the same direction; therefore, cash cannot be considered as negative debts.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.189-218
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• 2002

The EPC/Turnkey Contract goes to the extreme in allocating risks to the contractor and depending on the types of project, this may be regarded as unacceptable. It has also gone to the extreme in the extent to which the contractor is responsible for the specification and design of the Works. The employer is not responsible for correctness of any information provided by him nor for correctness of any specification or other matter included in the Employer's Requirements, except the definition of the intended purpose and criteria for testing and performance. With such conditions it is surprising that the employer is entitled to interfere in the contractors performance to an extent that is close to what is norm for a construction contract with employer design and with normal risk allocation. The combination of risk allocation and inappropriate administrative provisions makes the EPC/Turnkey Contract a document that will meet severe resistance from contractors. It is also likely that employers will see the risks and difficulties from their own perspective. It is a fiction that the EPC/Turnkey Contract will give the employer a contact with a certainty of final price and completion date. It is not a fiction that the EPC/Turnkey Contract carries many seeds for disputes between the parties. The Orange Book has become an accepted document even if it clearly contains some weaknesses. Some of these have been corrected in the Plant Contract. In my opinion FIDIC should let users become more familiar with the Plant Contract as a follow up to the Orange Book.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.481-481
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• 2000

We investigated the structure-activity relationships on use of multi-layer neural networks. The relationships are techniques required in developments of medicines. Since many kinds of observations might be adopted on the techniques, we discussed some points between the observations and the properties of multi-layer neural networks. In the structure-activity relationships, an important property is not that standard deviations are nearly equal to zero for observed physiological activity, but prediction ability for unknown medicines. Since we adopted non-linear approximation, the function to represent the activity can be defined by observations; therefore, we believe that the standard deviations have not significance. The function was examined by "leave-one-out" method, which was originally introduced for the multi-regression analysis. In the linear approximation, the examination is significance, however, we believe that the method is inappropriate in case of nonlinear fitting as neural networks; therefore, we derived a new index fer the relationships from the differential of information propagation in the neural network. By using the index, we discussed physiological activity of an anti-cancer medicine, Mitomycine derivatives. The neuro-computing suggests that there is no direction to extend the anti-cancer activity of Mitomycine, which is close to the trend of anticancer developing.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2017

PURPOSES : Owing to the growth of income and socio-economic levels, demands from road users have diversified. Accordingly, new road policies are being actively sought. The metropolitan city government of Busan has been focused on constructing and expanding roads to accommodate the increasing traffic demand. Given the increase in functional characteristics, we need to re-evaluate the hierarchy and function of roads, and specifically remodel the road planning and operations that fit into their functions. METHODS : First, this study focuses on introducing the minimum condition required to redefine the hierarchy of the roads. Second, the authors propose a new model that identifies the impact level of road hierarchy adopting discriminated analysis technique. RESULTS : Authors suggest that we redefine the hierarchy of roads in the central business distinct in Busan, and specifically the arterial roads in Busan, namely, Joonang-daero and Gaya-ro. These roads need to be reequipped with cross walks, a lower speed limit, and exclusive bus lanes to improve their accessibility. CONCLUSIONS : The authors found that the sub-arterial and collector roads have been subjected to excessive loads, owing to inappropriate functions being assigned to the main arterial road. Moreover, given that through traffic is concentrated on the sub-arterial and collector roads, over-speeding and other safety issues are consequently created.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2007년도 춘계학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.101-104
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• 2007

As the proportion of underground construction increases, the impact of inappropriate selection of a underground construction method for a construction size increases. The purpose of this study is to develop an objective way of selecting an excavation method. There have been several attempts to achieve the same goal using various data mining methods such as the artificial neural network, the support vector machine, and the case-based reasoning. However, they focused only on the selection of a retaining wall construction method out of six types of retaining walls. When we categorized an underground construction work into four groups and added more number of independent variables (i.e., more number of construction methods), the predictability decreased. As an alternative, we developed a decision tree by analyzing 25 earthwork cases with detailed information. We implemented the developed decision tree as a computer-supported program called Dr. underground and are still in the process of validating and revising the decision tree. This study is still in a preliminary stage and will be improved by collecting and analyzing more cases.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2014

본 연구는 수도권 도시철도 운영기관에 종사하는 철도교통관제사를 대상으로 이들의 스트레스 요인을 파악하고 스트레스가 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 검증하였다. 분석결과, 조직차원 스트레스 7개 요인 중 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화, 직무요구 4개 요인, 그리고 관제업무수행 스트레스 3개 요인 중 커뮤니케이션 요인이 직무만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 뿐만 아니라, 설문대상자의 서술형 설문내용을 분석한 결과 현장부서와의 소통 및 각종 민원처리 등이 가장 큰 스트레스 요인으로 이에 대한 스트레스 완화방안을 제언하고자 한다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Now days, the marketing environment is rapidly changed. Therefore, a lot of companies try to reduce production cost. Especially, Design is a important activities in new product development. While the concepts of design for manufacturable and concurrent engineering have made significant advances in integrating the design function with other areas in the firm. There are still major gaps in timely and accurate costing information available to designers. Inappropriate design could result in high redesign cost and delay in product relation. The generation of design and improvement is a time-consuming and mentally exhaustion process. It involves combining design features to generate as many potential design as possible. As not all features combinations are feasible, decision-makers have to narrow down the potential solutions and subsequently select appropriate design for further development. This new study is composed of 3 steps aiming at the Low Cost Design of the product. The three steps are consisted that setting up the target Cost, estimating the current functional cost, the design of a unit's reviewing according to the priority of the difference between the target cost and the functional cost.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

Lighting for outdoor advertising is very common feature of building facades as they provide the information and commercial identification. As the interest of improving street beautification more widely, application of various lighting technologies has been develop for advertisement such as electric sign board and signage. Furthermore, the installation of higher sign luminance than needed has many negative consequences, including higher energy consumption and light pollution. There are now no standard for outdoor advertisements in terms of luminance, and installation of indiscreet outdoor advertisement without luminance consideration is becoming more commonplace. This study was to evaluate the luminous characteristics of outdoor advertising as a function of sign and building facade luminance, luminance ratio. Data were collected on 8 electric sign boards, 20 internally illuminated, externally illuminated, neon, and channel letter signs and 4 commercial areas. Photometric measurements were taken by CS-100(Minolta) and ProMetric-1400(Radiant Imaging) for various sign modes and sign design. Also luminance of building facades were analyzed according with CIE standard of maximum obtrusive light permitted for exterior lighting installations. The findings are as follows; (1) There were excessive luminance of electric sign boards that could affect adjacent building facade and night sky luminance. (2) Sings that are externally illuminated providing an inappropriate amount of light on to the outer surface of the sign caused higher building facade luminance and potential of unnecessary glare.