• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.781-792
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the propensity for symbolic consumption and the effects of materialism, reference group, and social stratification on the symbolic consumption in clothing. Data were administered to 957 adolescence in middle, high school, and college student living in Seoul, Chonju, Sunchon, Yousu, and Kwangyang from May to June 1997. For analysis of the data, frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviation, factor analysis, 1-test, one-way anomia, duncan's multiple range test, and multiple regression analysis were employed. The results of this study can be summarized asfollows. 1) Symbolic consumption, materialism, and reference group were found to have the significant differences according to social stratification groups by objectivemethod. The higher social stratification is, the higher symbolic consumption, materialism, and reference group were. 2) symbolic consumption were proven to have the significant differences according to materiaiism and reference group. The higher materialism and the influence of referencegroup indicated, the higher symbolic consumption. 3)according to the results of the regression analysis examining the relative influences of variables affecting symbolic consumption in clothing, the relative importance of the variables are in order of : the influences of the reference group, materialism, social stratification, status inconsistency type (occupation-income), and their explanatory power totalled 40.0%.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.390-398
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the planning guideline of individual space size for public library. The 26 cases were selected from the data of outstanding libraries built after the year 2000. The paper focused on the comparison between the data from analysis and the guideline from manual book of public library. The result of this study was as followed ; The first, reference reading rooms were open-plan rather than segmented. The second, the percentages of reference reading spaces from the data were lower than the guidelines. It proved the fact that the role of public library expanded to cultural community space. The third, children's space retained sufficient numbers of book collections. It represented that people realized the importance of children's library in terms of cultural education. The fourth, the percentage of space size of cultural area showed high amount of numbers. It proved the fact that the public library as community center was required various cultural programs. The fifth, the percentages of preservation library were lower than the guideline in case of the big libraries, while the small libraries were higher. The book collections of detached annex libraries should be linked with the central libraries.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2001

Chemical speciation of five heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) has been analyzed from 37 surface and 2 core sediments of Kyeonggi Bay, using the modified sequential extraction method based on Tessier et at. (1979). The results show that heavy metals in the Kyeonggi Bay surface sediments are associated dominantly with the crystal lattice fraction. But in the polluted sediments of the Incheon North Harbor, the importance of the labile fractions increased while that of the lattice fraction decreased. In particular, the adsorbed and the easily reducible fractions showed a noticeable increase. In the core samples emerged a speciation pattern which differed significantly from that of the surface sediments. A sharp increase in the percentage of the reducible and organic/sulfide fractions and a decrease in the lattice fraction were observed. Throughout the vertical column, however, the metal contents in the lattice fraction showed stability while those of the labile fractions showed an upward increase. The strong association of heavy metals with the organic/sulfide fraction could be attributed in part to the sulfate reduction prevailing in the polluted harbor sediments.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Purpose : The aim of this study is to analyse the research productivity of SCI publications at medical schools in Korea. Methods: We collected the 5,386 SCI publications from 10 medical schools that were published in 2002 and 2003. Most of the materials treated herein are derived from the database of the Institute of Scientific Information from April 13, to May 25, 2005. Values are analyzed by medical school, major and IF index and presented as frequency and percentages. Results : There were 2,350 publications in 2002 and 3,036 publications in 2003. The average publication rate per faculty was .71 in 2002 and it was increased to .90 in 2003. Of the total 5,386 manuscripts, 1.248(23.2%) papers were from work conducted at basic science department and 3,224(76.8%) were from work performed at clinical science department. The major such as pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, internal medicine, diagnostic radiology and dermatology published a lot of SCI papers. A large percentage of papers (41.74%) were in journals with reported l<=IF<3. Conclusions : There was wide variability in the research productivity among the medical schools or majors. This variability reflects the importance of the institutional characteristics of each medical school in predicting the research productivity. Some of these institutional characteristics include the size of the faculty. available research funding, research vision of medical school, visible system of measurement and any associated reward system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.216-221
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• 2008

The Purpose of this study was to offer the raw data for drawing up the conservation plan by analysing natural vegetation in Midongsan, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The period of survey was from July to October, 2004 and the size of plot was 100$m^2$. In the results of analyzing the physical environments, the range of altitude was 303${\sim}$550m and soil pH was 5.4${\sim}$6.8. The angle of slope was 3${\sim}$57% and topographical factor was composed of ridgeline. In the results of analyzing a importance percentage, the dominant species in tree layer, Pinus rigida, P. densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima, P. rigida, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima, Platycarya strobilacea and Q. variabilis in subtree layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Symplocos chinensis for pilosa, Lindera obtusiloba, L. erythrocarpa, Rhus trichocarpa and Weigela subsessilis in shrub layer. In the results of species diversity index, species diversity (H') was from 1.2401 to 2.5540, maximum species diversity (H'max), from 1.9459 to 2.8904, evenness (J'), from 0.5644 to 0.8836, dominance (D), from 0.1164 to 0.4356.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.360-368
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• 2021

This study aims at knowing both the level of information security awareness in the use of social media among female secondary school students in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and the procedures that students follow when exposed to hacking or other security problems. The study relied on the descriptive survey approach. The results showed a high percentage of social media use among the study sample, and the most used applications by the students are snapchat and Instagram applications successively. In fact, 48% of the study sample have awareness of information security, the majority of the students memorize the password in the devices, most of them do not change them, and they have knowledge of fake gates and social engineering. However, their knowledge of electronic hacking is weak, and students do not share passwords with anyone at a rate of 67%. At the same time, they do not update passwords. Moreover, most of the procedures followed by students when exposed to theft and hacking is to change the e-mail data and the password, and the results varied apart from that, which reflects the weak awareness of the students and the weakness of procedures related to information security. The study recommends the necessity to raise awareness and education of the importance of information security and safety, especially in light of what the world faces from data electronic attacks and hackings of electronic applications.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Plant tissue culture techniques offer quick methods of regeneration of plants of medicinal importance but the survival chances of such plants are always questionable when shifted to the in vivo conditions. The present study enumerates the micromorphological developments in the leaves of in vitro regenerated and field transferred plantlets of Oldenlandia umbellata. The leaves developed in vitro after $4^{th}$ subcultures of multiplication phase and after 6 weeks of field transferred plants were used. Statistically significant differences in the number of stomata, veins, raphides, crystals and trichome density per square mm were observed. The improvements in stomatal apparatus and density (decreased from 41.85 to 32.20), developments in leaf architectural parameters and emergence of defense mechanism through increased numbers of raphides (8 to 15), crystals and trichomes (13.5 to 18.2) proved acclimation of tissue culture raised plantlets from in vitro to the in vivo environments lead to 100 % success in field establishment of the plantlets. The in vitro induced foliar abnormalities (changes in stomata, venation pattern, vein density, trichomes, crystals etc.) were repaired while hardening of plantlets in the greenhouse and finally in the field. The observed micromorphological response of leaves under altered environmental conditions could help in determination of proper stage of field transfer and prediction of survival percentage of in vitro regenerated O. umbellata plantlets.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.139-147
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• 2020

The sunspot area is a critical physical quantity for assessing the solar activity level; forecasts of the sunspot area are of great importance for studies of the solar activity and space weather. We developed an innovative hybrid model prediction method by integrating the complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and extreme learning machine (ELM). The time series is first decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with different frequencies by CEEMD; these IMFs can be divided into three groups, a high-frequency group, a low-frequency group, and a trend group. The ELM forecasting models are established to forecast the three groups separately. The final forecast results are obtained by summing up the forecast values of each group. The proposed hybrid model is applied to the smoothed monthly mean sunspot area archived at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). We find a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.80% and 9.75, respectively, which indicates that: (1) for the CEEMD-ELM model, the predicted sunspot area is in good agreement with the observed one; (2) the proposed model outperforms previous approaches in terms of prediction accuracy and operational efficiency.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.428-439
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• 2020

The continuous development of information and communication technologies has resulted in an exponential increase in data. Consequently, technologies related to data analysis are growing in importance. The shipbuilding industry has high production uncertainty and variability, which has created an urgent need for data analysis techniques, such as machine learning. In particular, the industry cannot effectively respond to changes in the production-related standard time information systems, such as the basic cycle time and lead time. Improvement measures are necessary to enable the industry to respond swiftly to changes in the production environment. In this study, the lead times for fabrication, assembly of ship block, spool fabrication and painting were predicted using machine learning technology to propose a new management method for the process lead time using a master data system for the time element in the production data. Data preprocessing was performed in various ways using R and Python, which are open source programming languages, and process variables were selected considering their relationships with the lead time through correlation analysis and analysis of variables. Various machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning algorithms were applied to create the lead time prediction models. In addition, the applicability of the proposed machine learning methodology to standard work hour prediction was verified by evaluating the prediction models using the evaluation criteria, such as the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE).

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2021

This study presents the estimation of crack depth by analyzing temperatures extracted from thermal images and environmental parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, illumination. The statistics of all acquired features and the correlation coefficient among thermal images and environmental parameters are presented. The concrete crack depths were predicted by four different machine learning models: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and AdaBoost (AB). The machine learning algorithms are validated by the coefficient of determination, accuracy, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The AB model had a great performance among the four models due to the non-linearity of features and weak learner aggregation with weights on misclassified data. The maximum depth 11 of the base estimator in the AB model is efficient with high performance with 97.6% of accuracy and 0.07% of MAPE. Feature importances, permutation importance, and partial dependence are analyzed in the AB model. The results show that the marginal effect of air humidity, crack depth, and crack temperature in order is higher than that of the others.