• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of different abutment height and different taper of abutment on retention force of cemented implant-supported prostheses. Test specimens consisted of different abutment height group(3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm) and different taper(degrees) abutment group($4^{\circ},\;5^{\circ},\;6^{\circ},\;7^{\circ},\;8^{\circ}$). The surfaces of abutments and crowns were manufactured and finished by automatic lathe(CNC). Luting cement(Tokuso Ionomer) was prepared according to the manufacturer's instruction. And the cylinders were sealed onto the abutments and loaded in compression at 5kg for 10minutes. Excess cement was removed from the abutment-cylinder junction and the specimens were stored at room temparature for 24 hours. Specimens were tested in tension using a universal testing machine. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The increase in abutment height result in improvement in retention strength(P<0.05). 2. The increase in taper of abutment result in decrease in retention strength(P<0.05). 3. The decrease in abutment height result in decrease in retention strength, besides has a significantly lower retention strength at 3mm abutment height. 4. The increase in taper of abutment result in decrease in retention strength, besides has a significantly lower retention strength at $7^{\circ}$ abutment.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of abutment screws used with the zirconia fixture-based implant system and compare them with those used with the existing titanium fixture system via the finite element method. Methods: A single implant-supported restoration was designed for the finite element analysis. A universal analysis program was used to set 8 occlusal points along the direction to the long axis of the implant, and an occlusal load of 700 N was applied. Results: In all models (Zir and Ti-fixture model), the screw threads presented with the highest von Mises stress (VMS) values, whereas the head and end presented with the lowest VMS values. The VMS of the screw used in the zirconia-fixture model was 5.97% lower than that used in the titanium-fixture model (261.258 vs. 276.911 MPa, respectively) despite statistical significance. Furthermore, the zirconia fixture (352.912 MPa) had a higher stress value (8.42%) than the titanium fixture (332.331 MPa). In a completely tightened titanium fixture implant system, the stress was concentrated in the implant-abutment connection interface, the zirconia fixture presented with a stable stress distribution. Conclusion: Although the zirconia fixture demonstrated a high VMS value, owing to the stiffness and elasticity coefficients of the material, the stress generated in the abutment screws was similar in all models. In conclusion, the zirconia fixture-based implant system presented with a more stable stress distribution in the abutment screws than the titanium fixture-based implant system.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.283-298
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• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 내측연결 임플랜트 시스템의 고정체-지대주-나사간의 계면 적합도를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 실험에 이용된 임플랜트 시스템은 Certain, Xive, Replace, Ankylos, SSII 이다. 이 시스템의 고정체와 지대주를 제조사의 권장 토크로 조인후 액상의 불포화 폴리에스터 용액에 고정한 후 절단하였다. 모든 표본은 절단, 연마후 주사전자 현미경으로 관찰하였다.내측연결 시스템의 적합도를 관찰한 결과, 각 제조사들 사이에 차이는 있으나 대부분의 내측연결 시스템의 경우엔 고정체와 지대주의 접촉은 긴밀히 접촉하는 경향을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 지대주와 나사, 고정체와 나사 간에는 다양한 형태의 틈이 존재하였다. 이러한 틈들이 나사의 불안정, 미생물의 군집, 악취 등에 어떠한 영향을 미칠지는 앞으로 계속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.158-161
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• 2012

PURPOSE. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if a smaller morse taper abutment has a negative effect on the fracture resistance of implant-abutment connections under oblique compressive loads compared to a conventional abutment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty morse taper conventional abutments (4.8 mm diameter) and smaller abutments (3.8 mm diameter) were tightened (20 Ncm) to their respective implants ($3.5{\times}11$ mm) and after a 10 minute interval, implant/abutment assemblies were subjected to static compressive test, performed in a universal test machine with 1 mm/min displacement, at $45^{\circ}$ inclination. The maximum deformation force was determined. Data were statistically analyzed by student t test. RESULTS. Maximum deformation force of 4.8 mm and 3.8 mm abutments was approximately 95.33 kgf and 95.25 kgf, respectively, but no fractures were noted after mechanical test. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the evaluated abutments were statistically similar (P=.230). CONCLUSION. Abutment measuring 3.8 mm in diameter (reduced) presented mechanical properties similar to 4.8 mm (conventional) abutments, enabling its clinical use as indicated.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2008

골유착성 임플란트 보철물에서 피로나 과하중에 의해 보철유지 나사나 지대주 나사의 파절, 보철물의 파절, 또는 고정체의 파절 등과 같은 기계적 강도와 연관된 문제점이 발생할 가능성이 높다. 임플란트 시스템의 기계적인 강도에 영향을 주는 요소에는 고정체와 나사의 직경, 재료적 특성, 연결부 디자인, 지대주 디자인 등이 있으며, 이 중 임플란트 고정체와 지대주간의 연결부 디자인은 임플란트 시스템의 기계적인 연결상태와 연결부 안정성을 결정하는 주요소이다. 대부분의 기계적 강도에 관한 연구에서처럼 단일하중에 의한 압축굽힘강도나, 단기적인 반복하중 후의 결과만을 평가하여 임플란트 시스템의 장기적인 안정성을 예측하기에는 한계가 있다. 연구 목적: 이에 본 연구에서는 external butt joint와 internal conical joint를 갖는 임플란트 시스템(오스템사)의 연결부 디자인에서 각각 다른 두 가지 지대주를 사용하여, 연결부 및 지대주 디자인이 기계적 강도에 미치는 영향을 압축굽힘강도는 물론 내구성한계를 측정하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: External butt joint인 US II에서는 통상적인 UCLA 지대주 형태의 Cemented abutment(BJT)와 굽힘 저항성을 증가시키기 위해 나사 두부가 지대주 상단에 위치하도록 설계된 Safe abutment(BJS)를, internal conical joint인 SS II에서는 one-piece형의 Solid abutment(CJO)와 two-piece형의 ComOcta abutment(CJT)를 지대주로 사용하였다. ISO 규정을 참고하여 단일 임플란트, 변연골 흡수, 그리고 $30^{\circ}$ 경사하중 조건에서 압축굽힘강도와 내구성한계를 측정하였고 실패 양상을 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 결과 및 결론: 1. 압축굽힘강도는 BJS군(1392.0N), CJO군(1261.8N), BJT군(1153.2N), 그리고 CJT군(1110.2N) 순으로 낮아졌으며(P<.05), CJT군과 BJT군 사이에는 차이가 없었다(P>.05) 2. 내구성한계는 CJO군(600N), CJT군(453N), BJS군(360N) 그리고 BJT군(300N) 순으로 낮아졌다. 3. 압축굽힘강도는 연결부 디자인 또는 지대주 디자인에 따라 차이를 보였으며, 내구성한계에 있어서는 연결부 디자인이 더 주된 요소로 작용하였다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The aim of this review was to analyze the evaluation criteria on mandibular implant overdentures through a systematic review and suggest standardized evaluation criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic literature search was conducted by PubMed search strategy and hand-searching of relevant journals from included studies considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) and clinical trial studies comparing attachment systems on mandibular implant overdentures until December, 2011 were selected. Twenty nine studies were finally selected and the data about evaluation methods were collected. RESULTS. Evaluation criteria could be classified into 4 groups (implant survival, peri-implant tissue evaluation, prosthetic evaluation, and patient satisfaction). Among 29 studies, 21 studies presented implant survival rate, while any studies reporting implant failure did not present cumulative implant survival rate. Seventeen studies evaluating peri-implant tissue status presented following items as evaluation criteria; marginal bone level (14), plaque Index (13), probing depth (8), bleeding index (8), attachment gingiva level (8), gingival index (6), amount of keratinized gingiva (1). Eighteen studies evaluating prosthetic maintenance and complication also presented following items as evaluation criteria; loose matrix (17), female detachment (15), denture fracture (15), denture relining (14), abutment fracture (14), abutment screw loosening (11), and occlusal adjustment (9). Atypical questionnaire (9), Visual analog scales (VAS) (4), and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) (1) were used as the format of criteria to evaluate patients satisfaction in 14 studies. CONCLUSION. For evaluation of implant overdenture, it is necessary to include cumulative survival rate for implant evaluation. It is suggested that peri-implant tissue evaluation criteria include marginal bone level, plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and attached gingiva level. It is also suggested that prosthetic evaluation criteria include loose matrix, female detachment, denture fracture, denture relining, abutment fracture, abutment screw loosening, and occlusal adjustment. Finally standardized criteria like OHIP-EDENT or VAS are required for patient satisfaction.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.179-195
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• 2010

임플란트 보철물에 저작력 등 외부 하중이 작용하면 내부 반응으로 응력이 발생되는데 지지골에 나타난 응력은 골재생 및 흡수 파괴, 임플란트에 나타난 응력은 임플란트 자체의 파절이나 나사의 풀림현상 및 파절, 상부 구조물에 나타난 응력은 보철물의 파절 등을 예견하는 지침이 될 수 있을 것이다. 지대주의 형상과 재질에 따라 연결방법과 보철방법이 달라지고 임플란트 내부의 하중전달 기전이 변하게 되고 이에 따라 악골에 발생하는 응력분포 역시 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 하악 제 1대구치 부위에 이중나사 구조를 갖고 원추형 내측연결 임플란트 시스템인 GSII$^{(R)}$ (Osstem, Korea)임플란트를 이용해 지대주의 종류를 티타늄 소재의 2-piece Transfer$^{TM}$ abutment (GST), 금합금 소재의 2-piece GoldCast$^{TM}$ abutment(GSG), 외부 연결형태를 가진 3-piece Convertible$^{TM}$ abutment (GSC) 로 분류하여 이에 따른 응력분포 양상을 비교 분석하여 보았다. 결과 하중조건에 관계없이 응력은 주로 지대주와 고정체가 접촉하는 경부에 집중되었다. 또한 하중조건에 관계없이 임플란트의 고정체 상부와 접촉하는 치밀골에 높은 응력이 나타나고 해면골에는 아주 작은 응력이 나타났다. 축하중보다는 중심축을 벗어난 하중조건에서 더 높은 응력이 발생되었고 수직하중보다 경사하중에서 더 높은 응력이 발생되었다. 전체에 걸친 최대응력은 GSG에서는 지대주, 치관 및 고정체에 고르게 분포되었고 GST는 주로 고정체와 지대주 나사에, GSC는 고정체와 지대주에 집중되었다. 세 지대주 간 골내의 최대응력에는 유의한 차이가 없었고 GSG가 전체 구성부의 응력분포에 있어 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2009

The fit between dental implant fixture and zirconia abutment is affected by many variables during the fabrication process by CAD/CAM program and milling working. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface compatibility and electrochemical behaviors of zirconia abutment for prosthodontics. Zirconia abutments were prepared and fabricated using zirconia block and milling machine. For stabilization of zirconia abutments, sintering was carried out at $1500^{\circ}F$ for 7 hrs. The specimens were cut and polished for gap observation. The gap between dental implant fixture and zirconia abutment was observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The hardness and corrosion resistance of zirconia abutments were observed with vickers hardness tester and potentiostat. The gap between dental implant fixture and zirconia abutment was $5{\sim}12{\mu}m$ for small gap, and $40{\sim}60{\mu}m$ for large gap. The hardness of zirconia surface was 1275.5 Hv and showed micro-machined scratch on the surface. The corrosion potentials of zirconia abutment/fixture was .290 mV and metal abutment/fixture was .280 mV, whereas $|E_{pit}-E_{corr}|$ of zirconia abutment/fixture (172 mV) was higher than that of metal abutment/fixture (150 mV). The corrosion morphology of metal abutment/fixture showed the many pit on the surface in compared with zirconia abutment/fixture.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2021

Purpose. Implant mechanical complications, including screw loosening, can influence dental implant success. It has been shown that torque values are affected by contamination occurred in implant-abutment (I/A) interface. This study aimed to examine the effects of blood, saliva, fluoride and chlorhexidine contamination on reverse torque values (RTVs) of abutment screws in oral conditions. Materials and Methods. 50 fixtures were mounted into the stainless-steel holders and divided into five groups (n = 10). Except control group (NC), fixture screw holes in other groups were contaminated with chlorhexidine (CG), saliva (SG), blood (BG), or fluoride (FG). Abutment screws were tightened with a digital torque meter. I/A assemblies were subjected to thermocycling and cyclic loading. The mean RTVs were recorded and data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results. Except for specimens in SG (20.56 ± 1.33), other specimens in BG (21.11 ± 1.54), CG (22.89 ± 1.1) and FG (24.00 ± 1.12) displayed significantly higher RTVs compared to NC (19.00 ± 1.87). The highest RTVs were detected in CG and FG. Conclusion. The obtained data robustly suggest that RTVs were significantly affected by fluid contaminations. Specimens in FG and CG displayed the highest RTVs. Therefore, clinicians should have enough knowledge about probable contaminations in I/A interface in order to manage them during clinical procedure and to inform patients about using oral care products.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.611-624
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution of the natural teeth, the implant, the prosthesis and the supporting tissue according to the types of implant and connection modality in the five-unit fixed partial denture with a implant pier abutment. A Two dimensional stress analysis model was constructed to represent a mandible missing the first and second premolars and first molar. The model contained a canine and second molar as abutment teeth and implant pier abutments with and without stress-absorbing element. Finite element models were created and analyzed using software ANSYS 4.4A for IBM 32bit personal computer. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Implant group, compared to the natural teeth group, showed a maximum principal stress at the superior portion of implants and a stress concentration at :he neck and end portion. 2. Maximum principal stress and maximum Von Mises stress were always lower in the case of rigid connection than nonrigid connection. 3. A cylinder type implant with stress absorbing element and screw type implant were generally similar in the stress distribution pattern. 4. A screw type implant, compared to the cylinder type implant, showed a relatively higher stress concentration at both neck and end portion of it. 5. Load B cases showed higher stress concentration on the posterior abutments in the case of nonrigid connector than rigid connector. 6. A maximum displacement was always lower in the case of rigid connection than nonrigid connection. These results suggest that osseointegrated implant can be used as an intermediate abutment.