• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.671-677
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• 2020

The number one female cancer in Korea is breast cancer, and the incidence rate continues to increase. There are many opinions that this is due to the impact of increased sedentary life along with economic growth. In this study, the international standard exercise status questionnaire was administered to patients and normal group who visited to the specialized cancer hospital in Korea, and to standardized scores of the exercise status (MET score) obtained from questionnaire were used to compare the impaction on breast cancer risk and difference of the MET score between the patients and control group. The ages of the study subjects were selected as subjects without statistical differences between the patients group and the normal group. also done with survey the family history, BMI, the menarche, age at birth of first child, the degree of education to exclude impaction on breast cancer risk depending on physical activity. In general, the breast cancer patients showed lower MET scores than the normal group, and the effect of activity on breast cancer was greater in post-menopausal women than in pre-menopausal women. Also BMI was similar to breast cancer risk. Maintaining proper weight through exercise can reduce the accumulation of carcinogens in breast cancer in the body, thereby reducing the incidence of breast cancer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.106-113
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of a massive hydrofluoric acid spill on community health through patients who claimed to have been exposed. Methods: We analyzed 2459 patients who visited our emergency department with the claim of exposure to hydrofluoric acid, and retrospective analyses were performed. We analyzed changes in numbers of visitors per day from the day of the accidental hydrofluoric acid spill, symptoms presented by the 1924 patients, and general characteristics. Comparisons of symptoms and hematologic characteristics were made between the initially set evacuation zone(1.3 km radius parameters from the spill) and the outer zone. Results: A total of 2,459 patients who claimed exposure visited our ED from 27 September 2012 to 23 October 2012, and there was a significant increase in the number of visiting patients from day 8 of the hydrofluoric acid spill. The most common complaints were a sore throat, 729(37.9%) and no specific symptom with health concern, 547 (28.4%). Statistically significant findings were pulmonary symptoms (p=0.001), nasal symptoms (p=0.001), diarrhea (p=0.023), and skin symptoms (p=0.007). In hematologic study, a statistically significant difference was observed in white blood cell count (p=0.018), creatine phosphokinase (p<0.001), erythrocyte sediment rate (p=0.013), and phosphorus (p<0.001). Conclusion: A significant increase in the number of patients was observed one week after the accidental spill of hydrofluoric acid. The most frequent symptoms were sore throat, headache, cough, and sputum. Statistically significant increase in creatine phosphokinase level and decrease in phosphorus level were noted in patients within the evacuation zone.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2017

This paper examined how consumers' attitude toward the telecommunication expense was affected by news reports through the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four group (control group, high-expense-claimed-media group, low-expense-claimed-media group, and both-exposed-media group), and asked to indicate credibility & neutrality toward media report, similarity between media report, and their own thought, their attitude toward the telecommunication expense. The result of ANOVA showed that the high-expense-claimed-media was perceived more credible and neutral than the low-expense-claimed-media. ANCOVA was conducted to eliminate the impact of similarity between media report and their own thought on the evaluation of credibility & neutrality toward media report, and the result showed that there was no difference. Also, participants evaluated the telecommunication service so expensive, regardless of what kind of media reports they were exposed. We found that consumers' prior belief, which telecommunication service was expensive, might interrupt consumers' learning process for new information from media. To resolve the social pressure about mobile service rate-cutting, it is necessary to investigate how to dampen consumers' stereotype about the telecommunication expense. The future research using the framing effect could be considerable.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.441-453
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• 2015

In this paper, according to the illuminance at night with artificial lighting in downtown Seoul, trees flowering and leaf growth rate was performed as a case study to examine whether there is a difference. The illuminance was measured at 78 points on a total of 26 points, the range of illuminance were divided into three groups considering land use, Group A (plots 1-7) were 4.90 ~ 112.50 lx, Group B (plots 8 to 18) were 0.45 ~ 42.40 lx, group C (plots 19 to 26) were 0.28 ~ 22.10 lx. According to the One-way ANOVA on illuminance difference, the survey groups were classified into three groups. To survey the ratio of the flowering Prunus yedoensis and Rhododendron spp. and to survey the ratio of leaf growth Zelkova serrata, Ginkgo biloba, and Acer palmatum each 30 individuals were investigated. Rhododendron spp. to study the ratio of the flowering and Acer palmatum to study the ratio of leaf growth were determined to be useful as indicator woody species according to the correlation. The higher illuminance of night lighting is, the faster flowering and leaf growth of trees will be by correlation between the mean illuminance of each group and the flowering and leaf growth of trees. In the future, should be made a more detailed study of how much affect to the trees with some impact on the level of light pollution at night lighting.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 1999

Background: Early detection and surgical resection offer the most advantage out of all cures for lung cancer. Elderly patients may fail to benefit maximally from these interventions because of their general condition and residual lung function. To study the impact of age on stages, histology, symptoms, and treatments of the patients with non-small cell lung cancer, we undertook a retrospective review. Material and Method : Two hundred eleven patients with non-small cell lung cancer were operated on at Samsung Seoul hospital between October 1994 and June 1997. Patients were arbitrarily arbitrarily by age less than 70 years(176 patients) and 70 years or more(35 patients), and their medical records were reviewed. Result: There were no differences in pathologic staging and diagnosis. But there were differences in surgical methods, complications, and mortality rates between the two groups. There were much more complications in the 70 years or more group(p=0.02). We chose less invasive surgical methods in the 70 years or more group. Conclusion: More complications were experienced in the 70 years or more group. Although thoracic operation imparts the greatest survival advantage, this benefit is diminished in elderly patients because of their high complications and mortality rate. We recommend serious consideration of surgical indications and operative methods.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.77-109
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• 2020

In this paper, we build a gradient Boosting model to predict government SME R&D subsidy, select features of high importance, and measure the impact of each features to the predicted subsidy using PDP and SHAP value. Unlike previous empirical researches, we focus on the effect of the R&D subsidy distribution pattern to the incentive of the firms participating subsidy competition. We used the firm data constructed by KISTEP linking government R&D subsidy record with financial statements provided by NICE, and applied a Gradient Boosting model to predict R&D subsidy. We found that firms with higher R&D performance and larger R&D investment tend to have higher R&D subsidies, but firms with higher operation profit or total asset turnover rate tend to have lower R&D subsidies. Our results suggest that current government R&D subsidy distribution pattern provides incentive to improve R&D project performance, but not business performance.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2020

Background: The poultry industry in Pakistan has flourished since the 1960s; however, there are scarce data regarding the impact of occupational exposure on the pulmonary health of farm workers in terms of years working in the industry. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of poultry environment on the health of occupationally exposed poultry farmers in countries of warm climatic regions, such as Pakistan. This study will also show the effect of exposure to poultry facilities on the health of poultry farmers in the context of low-income countries with a relatively inadequate occupational exposure risk management. Materials and methods: The lung function capacity of 79 poultry workers was measured using a spirometer. Along with spirometry, a structured questionnaire was also administrated to obtain information about age, height, weight, smokers/nonsmokers, years of working experience, and pulmonary health of farm workers. The workers who were directly involved in the care and handling of birds in these intensive facilities were considered and divided into four groups based on their years of working experience: Group I (3-10 months), Group II (1-5 years), Group III (6-10 years), and Group IV (more than 11 years). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the FEV1/FVC ratio were considered to identify lung function abnormalities. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression. Results: Based on the performed spirometry, 68 (86 %) of workers were found normal and healthy, whereas 11 (14 %) had a mild obstruction. Of the 11 workers with mild obstruction, the highest number with respect to the total was in Group IV (more than 11 years of working experience) followed by Group III and Group II. Most of the workers were found healthy, which seems to be because of the healthy survivor effect. For the independent sample t test, a significant difference was noticed between healthy and nonhealthy farmers, whereas Chi-square test showed a significant association with height, drugs, and working experience. Linear regression that was stratified by respiratory symptoms showed for workers with symptoms, regression models for all spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC) have better predictive power or R square value than those of workers without symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest that lung function capacity was directly related to years of working experience. With increasing number of working years, symptoms of various respiratory problems enhanced in the poultry workers. It should be noted that most of the poultry workers were healthy and young, the rationale being that there is a high turnover rate in this profession. The mobility in this job and our finding of 86% of the healthy workers in the present study also proposed healthy worker survivor effect.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 1998

Purpose : This study was to evaluate survival, failure patterns, and prognostic factors of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx after curative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was done for 57 patients with glottic cancer who were treated with curative radiation therapy from June 1985 to November 1992. There were 55 male and two female patients. Patients' age ranged from 17 to 71 years(median 39 years). Radiation therapy was delivered five times a week, 2 Gy daily, total 66 Gy using 6 MV X-ray. Results : Complete response(CR) was noted in 51 out of 57 patients (89.5%) and persistent disease (PER) in six out of 57 patients(10.5%). The disease-free survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 72.9% and 63.8%, respectively. Seven failures were observed among 51 CR patients during follow-up. Salvage total laryngectomy for six recurred patients and partial laryngectomy for one recurred patient were done with successful results, i.e., all of them were actually salvaged. Among six PER patients, salvage total laryngectomy for two patients and partial laryngectomy for two patients were done and two patients refused operation. Following salvage surgery for the four PER patients, three were salvaged and one failed locoregionally. Among the 13 failures 10(76.9%) were salvaged with surgery. The ultimate local control rate at 5 years was 92.3% and overall 47 out of 57 (82.5%) patients were able to preserve their larynx. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 85.5% for posterior lesions, and 61.6% for anterior lesions(P<0.05). Cord mobility, involvement of anterior commissure, field size, and T stage did not impact on disease-free survival. Conclusion : Considering the high percentage of voice preservation with initial radiotherapy, radiotherapy should be the first choice in the treatment of stage 1 glottic carcinoma.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2015

The fire accident is a representative type of disaster that can largely impact on business. Therefore, precautionary measures and rapid initial response is very important when a disaster occurs. The storage of porous combustibles is inevitable in coal yard, plywood processing industry, and others that are currently operating. Initial fire fighting of fire and identifying the ignition point in such a porous combustible storage space are so difficult that if the initial response is failed, being led to deep-seated fire, surface fire is likely to result in secondary damage. In addition, deep-seated fire can cause personal injuries and property damage due to a large amount of toxic gases and reignition. Therefore damage reduction measures is required around the storage space to handle a porous flammable. Improving the penetration performance of the concentration of the surfactant is carried out as underlying study, which is about an deep-seated fire extinguishing efficiency augmentation when using wetting agents. The porous materials used in the experiments is radiata pine wood flour, which occupies more than 75% of the domestic wood market. Fire fighting water is selected as Butyl Di Glycol (BDG), which is being used for infiltration extinguishing agent, and the experiment was carried out by producing a standard solution. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Deep-Seated Fire Test of NFPA 18. The amount of watering, porous material to the internal amount of penetration, and runoff measurement out of the porous material was conducted. According to experimental results, as the surface tension is reduced, the surfactant concentration macroscopic penetration rate decreases, but infiltration to a porous material is shown to have growth characteristics.

• Atmosphere
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2016

Water vapor in the atmosphere is an important element that generates various meteorological phenomena and modifies a hydrological cycle. In general, the Yeongdong region has a lot of snow compared to the other regions in winter due to the complex topography and an adjacent East Sea. However, the phase change from water vapor to ice cloud and further snowfall has little been examined in detail. Therefore, in this study, we investigated phase change of liquid water in terms of a quantitative budget as well as time lag of water vapor conversion to snowfall in the ESSAY (Experiment on Snow Storms At Yeongdong) campaign that had been carried out from 2012 to 2015. First, we classified 3 distinctive synoptic patterns such as Low Crossing, Low Passing, and Stagnation. In general, the amount of water vapor of Low Crossing is highest, and Low Passing, Stagnation in order. The snowfall intensity of Stagnation is highest, whereas that of Low Crossing is the lowest, when a sharp increase in water vapor and accordingly a following increase in precipitation are shown with the remarkable time lag. Interestingly, the conversion rate of water vapor to snowfall seems to be higher (about 10%) in case of the Stagnation type in comparison with the other types at Bukgangneung, which appears to be attributable to significant cooling caused by cold surge in the lower atmosphere. Although the snowfall is generally preceded by an increase in water vapor, its amount converted into the snowfall is also controlled by the atmosphere condition such as temperature, super-saturation, etc. These results would be a fundamental resource for an improvement of snowfall forecast in the Yeongdong region and the successful experiment of weather modification in the near future.