LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus induces the immune dysfunction by imbalanced secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the murine AIDS model. In the present study, it was investigated whether pycnogenol (Pyc) administration could deactivate $NF-{\kappa}B$ to regulate the gene expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in C57BL/6 mice with murine AIDS. Treatment with Pyc for 12 weeks significantly inhibited the loss of body weight and enlargement of spleen and lymph node usually seen with AIDS. Moreover, Pyc increased the plasma level of Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$, while reducing the plasma level of Th2 cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, and $TNF-{\alpha}$. In primary culture of splenocytes, mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines was suppressed, but that of Th1 cytokines was not affected. The LP-BM5 retrovirus infection stimulated the cytoplasmic activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and nuclear translocation of $I-{\kappa}B$, whereas Pyc administration significantly reduced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and $I-{\kappa}B$ degradation. These results suggested that the inhibitory effect of Pyc on Th2 cytokines in mice with murine AIDS was dependent on suppression of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathway and was not dependent on $INF-{\gamma}$ level, which regulates Th2 cytokines.
Park, Sun-Hee;Ko, Young-Bok;Rhee, Yun-Ee;Noh, Heung-Tae;Kim, Won-Sik
Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
/
v.35
no.1
/
pp.61-67
/
2008
Objective: This study was attempted to look at the effect of dexamethasone on the luteolysis of corpus luteum in rats by immunohistochemical study. Methods: Counting with an optical microscope was conducted to make a comparison on difference in luteolysis and penetration of macrophage into three groups: control group of 30 female rats at 8 weeks of age, dexamethasone 0.1 mg administered group, and dexamethasone 1mg administered group. Results: As a result of TUNEL immunostaining, the percentage of luteolysis was significantly reduced in both dexamethasone 0.1 mg administered group and 1 mg administered group, and after ED1 immunostaining, macrophage invasion was reduced in dexamethasone 1 mg administered group. As a consequence of ED1 immunostaining, the immune response of macrophage was much decreased in dexamethasone 1 mg administered group than control group. Conclusion: Dexamethasone works on luteal cell, so it can suppress apoptosis. It can suppress luteolysis by suppression macrophage invasion into corpus luteum or suppress macrophage activation in corpus luteum.
Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Asthma-depression and Immunoregulation with PR-HAS(Herbal-acupuncture with Platycodi Radix infusion solution) injection at Joksamni(St36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). The experimental group(OVA-PR-HA) wase treated with concentrations(1%) of PR-HAS at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). The second experimental group(OVA-Needle prick) was treated with Needle-Prick at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells in the mice lung treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 2. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased remarkably compared with those of control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 5. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5,IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Conclusion : The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. These result suggests that Platycodi Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(St36) in C57BL/6mice may be an effictive part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.
Kim, Dae Won;Lee, Sung Ho;Shin, Min Jea;Kim, Kibom;Ku, Sae Kwang;Youn, Jong Kyu;Cho, Su Bin;Park, Jung Hwan;Lee, Chi Hern;Son, Ora;Sohn, Eun Jeong;Cho, Sung-Woo;Park, Jong Hoon;Kim, Hyun Ah;Han, Kyu Hyung;Park, Jinseu;Eum, Won Sik;Choi, Soo Young
BMB Reports
/
v.48
no.11
/
pp.618-623
/
2015
FK506 binding protein 12 (FK506BP) is a small peptide with a single FK506BP domain that is involved in suppression of immune response and reactive oxygen species. FK506BP has emerged as a potential drug target for several inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined the protective effects of directly applied cell permeable FK506BP (PEP-1-FK506BP) on corneal alkali burn injury (CAI). In the cornea, there was a significant decrease in the number of cells expressing pro-inflammation, apoptotic, and angiogenic factors such as TNF-α, COX-2, and VEGF. Both corneal opacity and corneal neovascularization (CNV) were significantly decreased in the PEP-1-FK506BP treated group. Our results showed that PEP-1-FK506BP can significantly inhibit alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation in rats, possibly by accelerating corneal wound healing and by reducing the production of angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for CAI.
Lysin motif (LysM) proteins are reported to be necessary for the virulence and immune response suppression in many herbaceous plant pathogens, while far less is documented in woody plant pathogens. In this study, we preliminarily characterized the molecular function of a LysM protein LtLysM1 in woody plant pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Transcriptional profiles revealed that LtLysM1 is highly expressed at infectious stages, especially at 36 and 48 hours post inoculation. Amino acid sequence analyses revealed that LtLysM1 was a putative glycoprotein with 10 predicted N-glycosylation sites and one LysM domain. Pathogenicity tests showed that overexpressed transformants of LtLysM1 displayed increased virulence on grapevine shoots in comparison with that of wild type CSS-01s, and RNAi transformants of LtLysM1 exhibited significantly decreased lesion length when compared with that of wild type CSS-01s. Moreover, LtLysM1 was confirmed to be a secreted protein by a yeast signal peptide trap assay. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana together with protein immunoblotting confirmed that LtLysM1 was an N-glycosylated protein. In contrast to previously reported LysM protein Slp1 and OsCEBiP, LtLysM1 molecule did not interact with itself based on yeast two hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. These results indicate that LtLysM1 is a secreted protein and functions as a critical virulence factor during the disease symptom development in woody plants.
An experimental study was undertaken to observe the difference in susceptibility of mouse strains to Metagonimus yokogawai infection by estimating it from worm recovery rate and dimension of worms. It was also studied the effects of prednisolone injection on the chronological pattern of worm recovery in ICR mice. The metacercariae were obtained from sweetfish and 300 in each number were given to 5 strains (CBH, A, DBA, $C^{57}BL$ and KK) of mice, and after 7 days period, the worms were collected from their intestine. Prednisolone at the dose of 10 mg/kg was injected to ICR mice every other day from 7 days prior to infection until sacrificed at 6 hours to 35th post-infection day. ICR mice infected with M. yokogawai but untreated were used for controls. The success rate in infection of mice ranged 25.0-83. 3% by strains, the worm recovery rate 1. 2-18. 9%, and the average size of worms O. 554-0. 683 mm long and 0.214-0.244 mm wide. The higher rates and larger size of worms were observed in KK and $C^{57}BL$ strains than others and the difference was statistically significant. In ICR mice for control, the worm recovery rate until 1 day after infection was relatively high (38-66%) but it became much lower (less than 0.7%) during 1-35 days. However, prednisolone injection brought about persistently high recovery rates (16-80%) until 21 days. It was concluded that the susceptibility to M. yokogawai infection is different by strains of mice but it can be elevated by prednisolone injection probably due to suppression of Immune respon3e3 in ICR mice.
Background and Objective : Chungsangboha-tang (CSBHT) has analgesic, sedative, anti-convulsive and anti-histamine effects, so it alleviates the symptoms of asthma. For the comparison of anti-inflammatory effect(s) on CSBHT, PD098059 was used as a negative control. Materials and Methods : This study emphasized THP-1 cells, which had been well characterized as a human monocytic leukemic cell line. The cells resemble monocytes with respect to several criteria and can be differentiated into macrophage-like cells by treatment with PMA. By using the MTS assay, it was possible to prove the safety of CSBHT. Results : Results shows that the CSBHT did not affected cell survival within $10^{1}$ ng/ml to $10^{5}$ ng/ml. Especially, $10^{5}$ ng/ml CSBHT treated cells show 70% deduction of $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene expression against that of LPS treated group. Furthermore, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels are down-regulated when treated with CSBHT with concentrations up to 100 ug/ml on monocyte-derived macrophages. Interestingly, CSBHT-treated samples showed that overall transcriptional activities were down-regulated to 20% of that of PD098059 ($TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitor). At protein level, the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed similar results as that of transcriptional activity. Results show that the protein level decreased more in the CSBHT-treated group (487 ${\pm}$ 87 pg/ml) than in the LPS-treated group (703 ${\pm}$ 103 pg/ml). In addition, the protein level of IL-8 in the CSBHT treated-group (9.84 ${\pm}$ 3.28 ng/ml) decreased similar as the expression of the control and PD098059-treated groups. Conclusion : CSBHT affects immune response, especially allergic responses and suppression of inflammatory reaction. The results provide us an alternative way to care for clinical inflammatory diseases, not only asthma but also the other possible general inflammatory and allergic diseases.
This study was carried out to investigate the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Korean isolate from weaned pigs. Twenty four weaned pigs, PCV2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies free, were allocated to 4 groups (n = 6). Six pigs were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 alone, 6 with PCV2 and PRRSV, 6 with the combined PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculum, and 6 were remained as a uninoculated negative control. Pigs were killed 3 and 6 weeks after inoculation and tissue samples examined for gross and microscopic lesions and for the presence of PCV2 antigens and nucleic acids. Experimentally inoculated pigs were evaluated for 3 considerations: 1. development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), 2. distribution of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 3. cytokine mRNA levels in lymph nodes. Pigs inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV/PPV showed typical clinical signs, gross findings, and histopathologic characteristics of PMWS. In the PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculated group, the PCV2 antigen was widely distributed in various parenchymal organs such as brain, spinal cord, tonsil, lymph nodes, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and peyer's patch. Lymph node mRNA expression of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8 was determined by real-time PCR. The pigs of PCV2/PRRSV and PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculation group, the mRNA expression was characterized by a decrease of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8. The decrease of cytokine mRNA represent the state of T cell immuno-suppression in pig, and nicely support the evidence for the impairment of immune system in pigs with PMWS. In conclusion, PCV2 infection and some additional infectious causes such as PRRSV and/or PPV are warranted for the presence of PMWS in weaned pigs in Korea.
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid orexigenic peptide hormone that is secreted predominantly by tX/A cells in the stomach, and it plays a major role in energy homeostasis. Activated ghrelin has an n-octanoyl group covalently linked to the hydroxyl group of the Ser3 residue, which is critical for its binding to the G-protein coupled growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHS-R1a). According to recent reports, both ghrelin and its receptor, GHS-R1a, are expressed by a variety of immune cells, including T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and ghrelin stimulation of leukocytes provides a potent immunomodulatory signal controlling systemic and age-associated inflammation and thymic involution. Here, we report that ghrelin protected murine thymocytes from dexamethasone (DEX)-induced cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we explored the molecular mechanisms of the antiapoptotic effect of ghrelin. According to our experiments, ghrelin inhibited the expression of proapoptotic proteins via the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation. As a result, ghrelin inhibited the proapoptotic activation of proteins, such as Caspase-3, PARP, and Bim. These data suggest that ghrelin, through GHS-R, inhibits the pathway to apoptosis by regulation of the proapoptotic protein activation signal pathway. They provide evidence that blocking apoptosis is an essential function of ghrelin during the development of thymocytes.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.20
no.3
/
pp.609-616
/
2006
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SR-HA(Stemonae Radix-herbal acupuncture) at Joksamni(ST36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). One of the two experimental groups was just treated with needle-prick on Joksamni(ST36) and the other group was treated with 1% concentrations of SR-HA at Joksamni(ST36) for the later 8 weeks (3times/week). The weight of lung of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The total cells of lung of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated wtih SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated wtih SR-HA in Photomicrographs decreased significantly compared with those of control group. According to histological analysis of lung sections, adhesion of collagen in SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 in BALF of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The number of Gr-1+/CDl1b+, CO3-/CCR3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD3e+/CD69+ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. These results suggest that Stemonae Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(ST36) in 057B146mice may be an effective part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.
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