• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

The gut microbiome has been studied extensively over the past decade with most scientific reports focused on the adverse role of the gut microbiome on gastrointestinal diseases. For example, the altered gut microbiome exacerbates the development of immune system-mediated damage in many diseases. The most studied pathologies include irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colitis-associated cancer. On the other hand, intestinal microflora is also beneficial and contributes to the intestinal physiology by the synthesis of vitamins, production of short chain fatty acids and bile acid metabolism, thereby maintaining gut homeostasis. Therefore, the balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria populations influences mainly the maintenance of intestinal health. Changes in the intestinal microflora have been suspected to be the underlying causes of multiple diseases. Despite the immense amount of published data, the optimal gut microbiome composition is still controversial. This review briefly outlines the connection between the gut microbiome and critical gastrointestinal diseases focusing on three prominent intestinal disorders: irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colitis-associated cancer disorders. Finally, intervention strategies using natural products for the alleviation of these diseases and the maintenance of a health gut microbiome are suggested.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1999

Large bowel cancer shows the 4-5th frequency in cancers that occurs in Korea. The western medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. While, Oriental medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by Herb-drugs, acupuncture, moxa and et al. With just one way of treating Large bowel cancer can't be effective remedy. Because each medicine has a strength and weakness, it is effective treatment when two medicine combines and supplement each other. We got the following result about a trend of oriental and western combination treatment for Large bowel cancer through studding records. 1. In Large bowel cancer, colon cancer is referred hematochezia(腸風下血), rectal cancer is refereed enterotoxin(腸毒), and anal cancer is accumulation of pathogens in yin(結陰). 2. The western medicine treats Large bowel cancer patient with surgery first. They need on assembly treatment such as chemical, radiation and immune treatment. In oriental medicine, they treats Large bowel cancer patients with differentiation of symptom and signs and treatment(辨證施治) for example, insufficiency of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), collapse of the spleen-ql(脾氣下陷), stagnation of blood stasis and toxic agent(瘀毒內結), reinforcing both qi and blood(脾血下陷), stagnation of damp-phlegm(痰濕凝結) and cure for them by acupuncture and moxa too. 3. In combination with oriental and western medical treatment princple of Large bowel cancer by each stage is as follows. First stage is cured with radical surgery and herb-drugs without chemotherapy. The intermediate and terminal stage patients is used radiation before surgery, or after palliative surgery cour with chemotherapy, radiation and Herb-drugs. In terminal stage patients, unable for surgery, is used combination between chemotherapy, palliative radiation and Herb-drugs. 4. After radiation surgery, the terminal stage patients who have extensively lymph node metastasis or local contraindication is able to undergo combination of Herb-durgs and chemotherapy. 5. The cure-effect with oriental and western medicine combination treatment was better than that just with oriental or western medical treatment. 6. The merits of oriental and western medicine combination treatment lengthen one's life and diminish the bad effect of chemotherapy and complete radiation treatment, prevent from relapsing, maintain the balance in their environment of body and improve immunity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1657-1667
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• 2010

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are dietary supplements that inhibit gastrointestinal infection and provide optimally regulated microbial environments in the digestive tract. As the use of antibiotics in ruminant feeds has been banned, DFM have been emphasized as antimicrobial replacements. Microorganisms that are used in DFM for ruminants may be classified as lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria (LUB), or other microorganisms including species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Propionibacterium, strains of Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotella bryantii and yeast products containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. LAB may have beneficial effects in the intestinal tract and rumen. Both LAB and LUB potentially moderate rumen conditions and improve feed efficiency. Yeast DFM may reduce harmful oxygen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and improve fermentation in the rumen. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate immune function, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. LAB may regulate the incidence of diarrhea, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. LUB improved weight gain in calves. DFM has been reported to improve dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content in mature animals. However, contradictory reports about the effects of DFM, dosages, feeding times and frequencies, strains of DFM, and effects on different animal conditions are available. Cultivation and preparation of ready-to-use strict anaerobes as DFM may be cost-prohibitive, and dosing methods, such as drenching, that are required for anaerobic DFM are unlikely to be acceptable as general on-farm practice. Aero-tolerant rumen microorganisms are limited to only few species, although the potential isolation and utilization of aero-tolerant ruminal strains as DFM has been reported. Spore forming bacteria are characterized by convenience of preparation and effectiveness of DFM delivery to target organs and therefore have been proposed as DFM strains. Recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.100-116
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• 1996

Gastric cancer shows the most high friquency in cancers that occurs in Korea. The western medicine treatment for gastric cancer has radiation and surgery, chemical treatment. While, oriental medicine cures the gastric cancer by herb-drugs, acupunture , moxa and srigma. With just one way of treating gastric cancer can't be effective remedy. Because each medicine has a strength and weakness. Thus, it is effective treatment when two medicine combins and supplement each other. We got the following result about a trend of oriental and westernal combination treatment for gastric cancer through studing records. 1. The western medicine treats gastric cancer patient with surgery first and right after surgery. They need on assembly treatent such as chemical and immune treatment. In oriental medicine, they treats gastric cancer patients with differentiation of symptone and signs and treatment(辨證施治)[for example:incoordination between liver and stomach(肝胃不和), insufficiency of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), stagnation of blood stasis and toxic agent(瘀毒內阻), deficiency of yin by stomach heat(胃熱傷陰), reinforcing both qi and blood(氣血雙虧), stagnation of damp-phlegm(痰濕凝結)] and cure for them by acupuncture and stigma, too. 2. In combination with oriental and western medical treatment principle of gastric cancer by each stage is as follows. First stage and second stage gastric cancer is cured with radical surgery mainly. After operation, the herb of invigoration of the spleen(健脾), coordination of the stomach(和胃), and smoothing the liver and regurating the circulation of qi(疏肝理氣), is used for good gastroenteric condition. The second stage patients can be concidered using in combination with chimical treatment. The third stage gastric cancer is treated with radical surgery or with temporizing surgery. After those surgery, herb-drugs treatment is used jointly. The fourth stage patients who have no extensively metastasis or local contraindication can undergo temporizing and curcuit surgical operation. Herb-drugs and chemical treatments are used together for patients after operating. If he has operating contraindication, he would be treated with herb-drugs and chemical treatment. 3. In case of using in combination with oriental and western medical treatment as follows. As for herb-drugs with chemical treatment, reinforcing both qi and blood(補益氣血), invigorate the spleen and the stomach(健脾和胃), reinforcing liver and kidney(滋補脾腎), clear out the heat and relieve the toxic agent(淸熱解毒), can be used and with radiation treatment, clear out the heat and relieve the toxic agent(淸熱解毒), promoting the production body fluid and moisturizing the vicera(生津潤燥), reinforcing both qi and blood(補益氣血), invigorate the spleen and the stomach (健脾和胃), reinforcing liver and kidney(滋補肝腎) etc, can be used. 4. According to the research of oriental and western medical combination treatment are the 5-year-survival degree with oriental and western medicine combination treatment was for better than that just with oriental or western medical treatment. Especially, it has good effect on the third, fourth stage gastric cancer. That is, the middle and the end of stage gastric cancer. 5. The merits of oriental and western medicine combination treatment are lengthers one's life and diminish the bad effect of chemical treatment and radiation treatment be near completion, prevent from relapsing, maintain the balance in their eveirenment of body and improve immunity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1216-1222
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• 2013

NK cells are lymphoid immune cells that participate in innate immunity to protect against foreign pathogens and transforming cells. It is known that the activity of NK cells is regulated by a balance between activating and inhibitory signals rather than specific antigens. One important activating signal is mediated by the NKG2D receptor, which recognizes NKG2D ligands on cancer cells. Therefore, tumor cells that express sufficient amounts of NKG2D ligands could be eliminated by NKD2D+ cells, including NK cells. Oncogenes drive tumor cells to apoptosis resistant and uncontrolled proliferation by altered expression of many critical genes. Therefore, the expression of NKG2D ligands may be affected by oncogenes. This study focused on increasing the susceptibility of cancer cells to NK cells by regulating the expression of NKG2D ligands influenced by three oncogenes: k-ras, wnt, and c-myc. We demonstrated that inhibition of k-ras and c-myc increased the expression of NKG2D ligands and enhanced the susceptibility of cancer cells to NK cells. On the contrary, inhibition of the wnt pathway decreased MICA and ULBP1 transcripts. Although the decreased transcription of NKG2D ligands by inhibition of the wnt pathway, surface proteins of NKG2D ligands were not changed, and the susceptibility of HCT-116 cells was unaffected. The results demonstrate that the transcription of NKG2D ligands are regulated deferentially by the k-ras, c-myc, and wnt pathways and that the cytotoxicity of NK cells solely depends on the amount of surface NKG2D ligands.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.824-835
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• 2019

In recent decades, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have extensively been investigated as a potential cancer drug. Oncolytic viruses have primarily the unique advantage in the fact that they can only infect and destroy cancer cells. Secondary, oncolytic viruses induce the activation of specific adaptive immunity which targets tumor-associated antigens that were hidden during the initial cancer progression. In 2015, one genetically modified oncolytic virus, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), was approved by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of melanoma. Currently, various oncolytic viruses are being investigated in clinical trials as monotherapy or in combination with preexistent cancer therapies like immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy relies on the balance between the induced anti-tumor immunity and the anti-viral response. Despite the revolutionary outcome, the development of oncolytic viruses for the treatment of cancer faces a number of obstacles such as delivery method, neutralizing antibodies and induction of antiviral immunity due to the complexity, variability and reactivity of tumors. Intratumoral administration has been successful reducing considerably solid tumors with no notable side effects unfortunately some tumors are not accessible (brain) and require a systemic administration of the oncolytic viruses. In order to overcome these hurdles, various strategies to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic viruses have been developed which include the insertion of transgenes or combination with immune-modulatory substances.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1999

Background: Ineffective cell-mediated immune response in human tuberculosis is associated with a depressed Thl cytokine response and reduced production of IFN-$\gamma$. Most persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are healthy tuberculin reactors with protective immunity, but a minority with ineffective immunity develop extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. The cell-mediated immune response is an important aspect of host resistance to mycobacterial infection and is believed to be tightly regulated by a balance between Th1 cytokines including IFN-$\gamma$, IL-12, IL-18, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and Th2 counterparts such as IL-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-l (MCP-l). Methods: Proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-$\gamma$, RANTES and MCP-l by RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens were compared in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cured and treatment failure and in tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative healthy subjects. Results: Defective proliferative responsiveness to aqueous TSP antigen was involved with treatment failure tuberculosis patients. Aqueous TSP antigen-induced IFN-$\gamma$ and RANTES mRNA expression was decreased in treatment failure tuberculosis patients compared with healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (23.1 % versus 90.0% for IFN-$\gamma$ and 46.2% versus 70.0% versus 46.2% for RANTES). The frequency of MCP-l mRNA expression to aqueous TSP antigen in treatment failure tuberculosis patients was greater than in healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (76.9% versus 40.0%). Conclusion: The increasing expression of MCP-1 mRNA in response to aqueous TSP antigen might be predicted to favor Th1 responses and restricted Th1 responses in treatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the efficacy of the immune regulation of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and Lactobacillus plantarum LM1004 on atopic dermatitis models. The oral administration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 on mice significantly decreased the amount of scratching, leakage to evans blue, and concentrations of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine compared with the atopic dermatitis - induced group. When atopic dermatitis was induced, the transcription factors (GATA-3, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor ${\gamma}$ T [$ROR{\gamma}T$]) and cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-17) of Th2 and Th17 cells were overexpressed at the transcriptional level, and they significantly decreased with oral administration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004. In addition, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 were shown to modulate the immune balance by increasing the expression of Th1 and Treg transcription (T-bet, forkhead box p3 [Foxp3]) and cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$ [IFN-${\gamma}$], transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ [TGF-${\beta}$]). Galectin-9 and filaggrin were significantly lower in the atopic dermatitis - induced group and significantly higher in the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated group. In contrast, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was highest in the atopic dermatitis-induced group, while mice that were orally administered ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 showed similar TSLP levels to the control group. These results indicate that ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 have immunomodulatory effects and atopic dermatitis improvement effects in an animal model of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, it is expected that ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 can be used as natural materials in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.185-198
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• 2008

Influences of dietary brown seaweed(BSW) on the nutrient metabolism, anti-oxidant enzyme activity and cell-mediated immune response were studied in broiler chicks activated acute phase response. 72 Hatched male broiler chicks(Ross) were divided into 12 pens, 6 heads per pen, and fed the BSW 0.0% (Basal) or 2.0% diet, respectively, and injected with the Salmonella typhimurium lipopoly saccharide(LPS) for activation of the acute phase response three times at 8, 10 and 12 d of age. During 4 wks of experimental feeding, growth performance of broiler chicks was not affected by dietary BSW and the acute phase response. Compared with control birds, the acute phase response did not affect the daily weight gain in birds fed BSW 2.0% diet, decreased nitrogen balance(NB) or metabolizable energy(ME) utilization per metabolic body size(kg0.75), and enhanced activities of peroxidase or extracellular SOD(EcSOD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ovotransferrin in plasma and MnSOD and CuZnSOD in erythrocyte cytosol. Compared to BSW 0.0% diet, 2.0% diet enhanced protein retention(NB) per kg0.75 regardless the acute phase response, did not affect uric acid nitrogen excretion(UAN) per kg0.75 in birds during the acute phase response, decreased(p<0.05) the UAN excretion per kg0.75 in control birds. And BSW 2.0% diet also decreased(p<0.05) plasma peroxide level and erythrocyte peroxidase or MnSOD activity but increased plasma peroxidase and EcSOD activity and interleukin-1 activity secreted from LPS-stimulated PBMC in 4 week broiler chicks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1090-1099
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• 2007

Myristicin, l-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene, was one of the major essential oils of nutmeg. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response was poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 was master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether myristicin regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. Myristicin reduced levels of IL-4, Th2 cytokine production in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. In the other side, it increased $IFN-{\gamma}$, Th1 cytokine production in myristicin administrated mice. We also examined to ascertain whether myristicin could influence eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. After being sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) showed typical asthmatic reactions. These reactions included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissue around blood vessels and airways, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of myristicin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, these findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of myristicin in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma.