• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.287-291
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• 2003

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. The light chain of this protein (BONT/A LC), which is known as a zinc endopeptidase, cleaves SNAP-25 involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the expression of recombinant BoNT/A LC in E. coli is described. The BONT/A LC gene of C. botulinum contains a high frequency of the arginine AGA and isoleucine ATA codons that are rarely used in genes of E. coli, hampering the translation of recombinant protein. The argD and ilex tRNA genes were cloned into pACYC184 vector, resulting in pAAD131X plasmid. The translational stress of the toxin gene related to codon bias was reversed by fupplernentation of the AGA arginyl tRNA of T4 phage and AUA isoleucyl tRNA of E. coli. This system may be applicable for the expression of a variety of AT-rich heterologous genes in E. coli.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.85-102
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.180-188
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the analysis of environmental change (forest resources and soil water conservation by land types) after planting for prevention of between 2003 and 2006 from the stone hazarding areas in Guizhou province, China. Mean diameter growth of the trees was highest for Melia azedarach, followed by Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Choerospondias axillaris, Cupressus duclouxiana, and Eucommia uimoides Oliv. Mean height growth of the trees was greatest for R. pseudoacacia, followed by Ilex kudincha, M. azedarach, C. duclouxiana, C. axillaris, E. uimoides Oliv, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, and L. fulvotomentosa. Tree biomass was greater at the afforestation sites by 1.22-1.71 ton/ha compared to that of severely eroded mountain areas. The capacities of soil water conservation by land types were 2,790 ton/ha at latent rock desertification farmland, 2,655 ton/ha at rock desertification farmland, 1,680 ton/ha at dolomite sandstone hilly country, 1,650 ton/ha at halfstony hilly country, and 1,590 ton/ha at karst physiognomy site. Soil erosion was estimated to be 1,285 ton/$km^2$ which had been 2,178 ton/$km^2$ before afforestation. Also, we should be continuative manage after planting for prevention of the stone hazarding areas in Guizhou province, China.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2022

Through the collection of herbarium specimens in Bhutan over the years, new plant species are discovered nearly annually. Thus, this paper reports two new genera and 19 new records of flowering plant species from Bhutan. The new genera include Eurycorymbus of the family Sapindaceae and Homalium of the family Salicaceae. The new records of plant species are Eranthemum erythrochilum (Acanthaceae), Hemidesmus indicus (Apocynaceae), Ilex umbellulata (Aquifoliaceae), Canarium strictum (Burseraceae), Ehretia acuminate (Boraginaceae), Vaccinium sikkimense (Ericaceae), Nothapodytes foetida (Icacinaceae), Machilus edulis (Lauraceae), Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae), Hibiscus fragrans (Malvaceae), Cipadessa baccifera (Meliaceae), Baccaurea javanica (Phyllanthaceae), Canthiumera glabra (Rubiaceae), Homalium napaulense (Salicaceae), Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Sapindaceae), Acmella radicans (Asteraceae), Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), Cleome rutidosperma (Cleomaceae), and Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae). Morphological determinations of the genera and species were carried out at the National Herbarium (THIM) of the National Biodiversity Centre of Bhutan. Brief descriptions of the species, phenology, and photo plates are provided in this annotated checklist.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.348-357
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to analyze the leaf variation of hex corn uta which are one of very important native landscape woody materials, but rapidly destroyed by habitat alteration in the past decades. The leaf characters were ranged as 0.9-11.8cm for the leaf length, 0.4-7.7cm for the leaf width, 0.2-13.0mm for the petiole length, $0.7-46.7cm^2$ for the leaf area and 1-13 for the number of leaf serrations. Due to the leaf shape, number of spines, and colours of leaf and fruits, which are the main characters of the cultivars of the Chinese holly, the hollies in the wild and planted as identified as 9 cultivars and one hybrid including 'Cholbuam', 'Inchon' and 'Sun Chun'.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.843-848
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of oak acorns and corn on broilers growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat fatty acid (FA) composition according to different ages of broilers. Two separate groups of 400 male broilers, reared for six weeks, were fed diets containing 33.5% green oak acorns (GO) and 67% of corn (C), respectively. At day 35, the body weight of the chickens fed the GO diet was 12% lower (p<0.05) compared with controls (C). However, at day 56 birds reached similar final weights. Abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) was 78% higher in the controls compared to those fed the oak acorn-based diet. The total lipids (TL) of thigh muscle were higher in the controls compared to dietary treatment GO (3.1 against 2.5 g/100 g of muscle). There were significant differences in fatty acid (FA) composition of the muscle between two groups. The broilers fed oak acorn exhibited more C18:2, as well as a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA (saturated fatty acid) ratio than those on the control diet, but no significant differences were observed among groups for the age of birds. There was a higher proportion of linolenic acid in broilers fed the oak acorn compared to the controls (0.8 vs. 0.6%). Furthermore, linolenic acid content decreased with age (p<0.001) in both groups. The results indicated no significant differences in FA with the age of birds. In conclusion, the meat fatty acids provided by the GO diet appeared to improve the nutritional quality preferred by the consumer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.633-644
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• 2009

The vascular plants in the Gyeryongsan National Park were listed 227 taxa; 71 families, 148 genera, 196 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 forms, Among them, trees and herbs were 103 taxa (45.4%), 124 taxa (54.6%), respectively. The rare plants were identified 6 taxa such as Paeonia obovata (Legal protection species), Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Lilium distichum, Lilium callosum and Goodyera schlechtendaliana by the Korea Forest Service. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 8 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Pseudostellaria multiflora, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Indigofera koreana, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Weigela subsessilis and Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 6 taxa were recorded; Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Carex okamotoi, Lilium distichum and Lilium callosum. Specific plant species by floral region were total 21 taxa (9.3%); Paeonia obovata in class V, 5 taxa (Betula davurica, Acer palmatum, Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida, Phaenosperma globosa) in class III, 4 taxa (Viola orientalis, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Lilium distichum) in class II and 11 taxa (Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Aphananthe aspera, Ilex macropoda, Meliosma oldhamii, Tilia amurensis, Lilium callosum, Erythronium japonicum, Polygonatum inflatum, Hosta capitata) in class I. It is important that relationship between national and local government will be needed for preservation of natural environment of Gyeryongsan National Park. As well, a long time of monitering and systematical management counterplan will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2010

The vascular plants in the Haksan, Jeonju were listed 394 taxa; 94 families, 260 genera, 339 species, 1 subspecies, 46 varieties and 8 forms. Divided into woody plants were 111 taxa (28.2%) and herbaceous plants were 283 taxa (71.8%). Based on the list of rare plants by the Korea Forest Service; Viola albida (Preservation priority order : No. 202), Korean endemic plants, 6 taxa were recorded; Lespedeza maximowiczii for. tomentella, Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis, etc. Specific plant species by floral region were total 19 taxa (4.8% of all 394 taxa of vascular plants); Wistaria floribunda (Planted species) in class IV, Acer palmatum (Planted species) and Melothrua japonica in class III, Nymphoides indica in class II, 15 taxa (Botrychium virginianum, Hosta capitata, Salix glandulosa, Quercus variabilis, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Ilex macropoda, Impatiens nolitangere, Grewia biloba var. parviflora, Vaccinium oldhami and Lonicera praeflorens, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in the surveyed sites were 14 families, 30 genera, 32 taxa (Bromus rigidus, Rumex obtusifolius, Chenopodium ficifloium, Amaranthus lividus, Phytolacca americana, Lepidium apetalum, Amorpha fruticosa, Geranium carolinianum, Ailanthus altissima, Euphorbia supina, Oenothera biennis, Ipomoea purpurea, Veronica persica, Bidens frondosa, etc.) and naturalization rate was 8.1% of all 394 taxa of vascular plants. The ecosystem disturbing wild plants, Rumex acetocella, Aster pilosus and Ambrosia artemisiaefolia having manage to designation with Ministry of Environment.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

한반도 쌍자엽식물의 시·공간적 분포역을 식물화석자료를 바탕으로 분석한결과에 따르면 우리나라에서 발견된 가장오래된 쌍자엽식물은 중생대 백악기의 Platanus, Viburnum, Populophyllum등이다. 당시에 남한에서는 17속의 쌍자엽식물이 보고되었으며 그 중 9속(버즘나무 Platanus, 분꽃나무 Viburnum, 버드나무 Salix, 사시나무 Populus, 녹나무 Cinnamomum 감탕나무 Ilex, 장구밤나무 Grewia, 두릅나무 Aralia, 생강나무 Lindera)은 현 재에도 자연적으로 분포한다, 우리나라의 신생대 제3기 팔레오세와 에오세에 대한 화석정보 는 불분명하다. 올리고세의 쌍자엽식물은 황해 봉산에서 12속이 발견되며 그중 11속은 아직 도 자라고 있다. 마이오세에는 북한의 gkarud도와 강원도의 7곳과 남한의 경북과 강원의 4 곳에서 72속의 쌍자엽식물이 출현했으며 16속(Engelhardtia, planera, Hamamelis, Porana, Sassafras, Parrotia, Comptonia, Hemitrapa, Nothofagus, Erica, Pasania, Cryptocary, Phoebe, Entada, Carpites, Trochodendron)을 제외한 나머지 56속은 현생한다. 신생대 제4기 플라이스토세 동안 복한 전역의 7곳과 남한 전역의 10곳에서 53속의 쌍자엽식물이 산출되었 으며 그 중 Engelhardtia, raphidephis, Sapium등 3속을 제외한 모든속이 아직도 자연적으로 분포한다. 홀로세에는 남한의 14곳에서 29속의 쌍자엽식물이 출토되었는데 Lespidobalanus 를 제외한 나머지는 지금도 잘 자라고 있다. 요약하면 한반도에 중생대 백악기에 쌍자엽식 물이 출현한 이래 신생대 제3기 올리고세와 마이오세 그리고 신생대 제4기 플라이스토세와 홀로세까지 큰 변화없이 식물상과 식생이 지속적으로 명맥이 유지되고 번성하였다, 이는 한 반도가 여러 차례가 기후 변화에 따라 식생대의 이동은 있었으나 식물상의 멸종을 가져올 정도의 환경적 격변을 겪지 않고 비교적 안정적인 환경이 장기간 지속되었음을 의미한다. 아울러 기후가 변화할 때마다 식물들리 서식, 생존할수 있는 다양한 피난처가 한반도의 도 처에 산재되어 있었음을 뜻한다,.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2000

24 wooden objects excavated from Daho-ri were identified into 8 categories such as Quercus spp. (37.7%), Castanea crenata (8.3%), Prunus (8.3%), Ilex (4.1%), Alnus spp. (25%), Prunus spp. (4.1%), Zelkova serrata (4.1%) and Fraxinuse (8.3%). Physical properties of the above high water content, high contraction rate and significant density reduction. As for degradation pattern, observation with polarizing microscope showed significant decrease of double reflection phenomenon in most of the excavated objects excluding vessel compared to other kinds of objects, and observation with SEM showed remarkable degradation of organization structure including the 2nd cell wall of wood. Reagent can be easily penetrated and diffused into the objects with high degradation rate, so it's beneficial to treat them with polymers such as PEG#4000(MW:3,350), but in order to prevent contraction and change in shape, high concentration of Reagent is required in treatment to hold wood organization structure.