• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.56 no.2
• /
• pp.117-127
• /
• 2019

Vessel's ice speed performances will be verified in ice sea trial but environmental conditions of ice fields are changeable according to the weather condition of ice trial area. Speed performance has to correct in the no wind, wave and current etc. after sea trial. Especially finding ice fields which is exact the same as owner's ice thickness and strength requirements is not easy. Therefore speed correction according to environment condition has to be done after sea trial measurements. Correction methods for ice thickness, ice strength, wave, wind and ship draft, trim, ice drift etc. are checked in ice sea trial based on literature review such as ISO standard, ITTC recommendation, journal papers and proceedings of conferences. Possibility of application for current and ice drift correction in ice field are discussed and measuring schemes and procedures of correction methods are described in this paper. All of correction schemes are calculated for 'Araon' which is ice breaking research vessel with Arctic and Antarctic ice field test results. Analyzed results shows that Araon is satisfied with her official ice speed performance of 3 knots with 10MW power at 1m ice thickness, 570kPa ice flexural strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2011

The measurement of ice properties such as thickness, strength are important to know the performance of the ice breaking vessel. The measuring equipment of ice properties and methods are summarized in this paper. The actual measured data are also described. The strength of ice at Svalbard area on April 2010 is much stronger than the Chukchi Sea on August 2010. The mean strength of Svalbard is about 500 kPa and one of Chukchi Sea is 250 kPa. The first sea trial in Arctic sea using Araon was carried out in the Chukchi Sea. The power and speed was also measured to check the ship performance in ice. The speed was measured from GPS(Global Positioning System) and engine power was recorded from DPS(Dynamic Positioning system) of Araon. The design target of Araon in level ice is 3 knots in 1m thickness and 630 kPa flexible strength but mean speed in Chuckchi sea is 3.98 knots when 6.6 MW engine power, 2.4m ice thickness and 250 kPa strength. This results comes from the difference of ice types and the weak flexible strength of ice but it will be a good information to know the performance of Araon in similar ice condition.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.555-563
• /
• 2014

The impacts of dynamic and thermodynamic schemes used in the Community Ice CodE (CICE), the Los Alamos sea ice model, on sea ice concentration, extent and thickness over the Arctic and Antarctic regions are evaluated. Using the six dynamic and thermodynamic schemes such as sea ice strength scheme, conductivity scheme, albedo type, advection scheme, shortwave radiation method, and sea ice thickness distribution approximation, the sensitivity experiments are conducted. It is compared with a control experiment, which is based on the fixed atmospheric and oceanic forcing. For sea ice concentration and extent, it is found that there are remarkable differences between each sensitivity experiment and the control run over the Arctic and Antarctic especially in summer. In contrast, there are little seasonal variations between the experiments for sea ice thickness. In summer, the change of the albedo type has the biggest influence on the Arctic sea ice concentration, and the Antarctic sea ice concentration has a greater sensitivity to not only the albedo type but also advection scheme. The Arctic sea ice thickness is significantly affected by the albedo type and shortwave radiation method, while the Antarctic sea ice thickness is more sensitive to sea ice strength scheme and advection scheme.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.28-33
• /
• 2014

The Korean icebreaking research vessel "Araon" performed four sea trials in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas. The ice properties, such as the ice thickness, floe size, ice strength, and power of the vessel were quite different in these trials. To compare the speeds of ship with the same ice strength and power, the AARC (Arker Arctic Research Center) method is used with a vessel power of 10 MW and an ice strength of 630 Pa in this paper. Based on the analysis results, the speed of the ship was 1.62 knots (0.83 m/s) with a 1.02-m ice thickness and 2.5-km floe size, 5.3 knots (2.73 m/s) with a 1.2-m ice thickness and 1.0-km floe size, and 13.8 knots (7.10 m/s) with a 1.1-m ice thickness and 200-m floe size. The analysis results showed that the ship speed and floe size have an inversely proportional relationship. Two reasonable reasons are given in this paper for the final result. One is an ice breaking phenomenon, and the other is the effect of the ice floe mass. For the breaking phenomenon, the ice breaking force is very small because the ice floe is not breaking but tearing when a ship is passing through a small ice floe. Regarding the effect of the ice floe mass, it is impossible for a ship to push and tear an ice floe if the mass of the ice floe is too large compared to the mass of the ship. The velocity of the ship decreases when the ice floe has a large mass and a large size because the ship has to break the ice floe to move forward.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.421-425
• /
• 2011

To know the speed performance of "ARAON" in Arctic ice field, the measurement of ice properties which is ice thickness & strength, snow depth and free board were performed on July 2010. The measuring method of nautical signals such as heading angle, power of engine, wind & current information etc. was described in this paper. The speed sea trials in ice were performed on the four different positions with different ice properties and engine powers because the uniform level ice is not detected in the Chukchi Sea. The test field was partially constrained ice floe with hummocks and it was superposed with small broken ice pieces each other. All of the measured ice properties were compared and evaluated according to the results of sea trial. The relations between speed, ice thickness, strength and power were summarized. Consequently according to the sea trial results, the speed of ARAON is 2.78knots at the 2.49m ice thickness with 6.55MW engine power.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 2015

This study proposed a new method of preparing granular ethylene glycol/aliphatic detergent (EG/AD) model ice that has both strength and uniform thickness. Various sheets of granular model ice prepared in ice tanks are surveyed and their preparation procedures are analyzed. We not only made a new granular model ice using the EG/AD solution but also measured its thickness, strength, and density. In addition, we found that the strength of the model ice could be controlled by varying the time and air temperature in the consolidation phase. Based on the results of this study, we verified that granular EG/AD model ice can be prepared more uniformly and effectively than columnar EG/AD model ice. This study is intended to contribute to reducing the time required for the ice model test and the operation of the ice model basin.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.457-464
• /
• 2011

This paper deal with the validation of correction method of ice strength and thickness to the sea trial condition based on the ice model test results. It is very difficult to conduct the model test corresponding to the sea trial condition exactly. In addition, the available sea trial data is not sufficient for the validation of correction method. In the present study, the model test results of Terry-Fox ice breker have been used to compare the corrected results of sea trial test by varying its thickness and strength of model ice. The HSVA and ITTC methods have been applied to the present comparisions and the required power has been also validated by using the HSVA method. There are rather good agreement between the sea trial result and model test corrected by the HSVA and ITTC method. The more comparisons are expected to be carried out in near future.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.403-412
• /
• 2018

Medium-scale tests were conducted to measure and observe the strength and failure behavior of freshwater ice rubble. A custom box measuring $3.05m{\times}0.94m{\times}0.94m$, with Plexiglas walls was built so that failure mechanisms could be observed. Ice rubble beams of nominal thickness 50 cm were produced by placing randomly sized ice pieces into the box filled with water at its freezing temperature. After the specified consolidation time, ranging between 0.2 and 70.5 h, the ice rubble beam was deformed by pushing a platen vertically downwards though the center of the beam until failure. For consolidation times less than 4 h, the ice beam failed progressively and tended to fail by shearing on macroscopic scale. At times greater than 4 h the beam failed by bending. The change in failure behaviour has been attributed to the degree of bonding between ice blocks.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2012

Sea ice properties have been considered a key indicator in the structural design criteria of icebreaking vessels and arctic offshore platforms to estimate design ice load and resistance for their safety management in Arctic Ocean. A measurement study of sea ice properties was conducted during July to August of 2011 with the Korean icebreaking research vessel "Araon" around Chukchi Borderland. The sea ice concentration appears to be rapidly decreasing during this cruise. Ice condition seems to be thick second-year ice and multi-year ice and then, a lot of melt ponds were observed in the surface of ice floe. Calculated flexural strength of sea ice was about 250~550kPa, ice thickness was roughly 1.3~3.0m. In this research we performed field experiment to measure ice temperature along the depth, thickness, density, salinity, brine volume ratio and crystal structure. Apparent conductivities derived with the electromagnetic induction instrument were compared to drill hole measurement results and accuracy of sea ice thickness estimation formula was discussed.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.478-483
• /
• 2012

The speed performances of ice sea trial on the Arctic(2010 & 2011) area were shown different results depend on the ice floe size. Penetration phenomena of level ice was not happened on medium ice floe and tore up by the impact force because the mass of medium ice floe is similar to the mass of Araon which is Korean ice breaking research vessel and did not shut up by the ice ridge or iceberg. The sea trial on the Amundsen sea was performed at the big floe which is classified by WMO(World Meteorological Organization). Three measurements of ice properties and five results of speed trial were obtained with different ice thicknesses and engine powers. To evaluate speed of level ice trial and model test results at the same ice thickness and engine power, the correction method of HSVA(Hamburg Ship Model Basin) was used. The thickness, snow effect, flexural strength and friction coefficient were corrected to compare the speed of sea trial. The analyzed speed at 1.03m thickness of big floe was 5.85 knots at 10MW power and it's 6.10 knots at 1.0m ice thickness and the same power. It's bigger than the results of level ice because big floe was also slightly tore up by the impact force of vessel based on the observation of recorded video.