• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2013

Consumers' perception of risk plays a major role in how they make online purchase decisions. Since online shopping is perceived to be riskier than in-store shopping, consumers engage in a variety of risk reduction strategies such as searching online for alternative products and alternative e-tailers. This study examines the influence of risk involvement on risk reduction strategies and customer satisfaction. It discusses three aspects of risk reduction strategies: time spent in making a purchasing decision, searching for alternative e-tailers, and searching for alternative products. Data from 294 female shoppers who had experience in purchasing fashion products online was analyzed. This study found that risk involvement had a positive influence on the time spent in making decisions, while the influence of risk involvement on searching for alternative retailers and alternative products was not significant. However, consumer satisfaction was negatively related to search for alternative retailers and positively related to risk involvement. This study provides a better understanding of customers' risk involvement and risk reduction strategies in online shopping. This information would be beneficial for marketers and retailers to reduce customer perception of risks and to promote online sales.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-96
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• 2005

It is generally believed that, compared to traditional commerce, Electronic Commerce(EC) is more difficult to gain and sustain customers. One of the major reasons that customers do not use EC is lack of trust. Previous researches on the EC user's trust suggested that risk is an antecedent of trust and the concept of trust is highly related to risk. This study proposed a combined model in which includes the factors based on generic information security risk analysis methodology and trust factors in EC. The objectives of this study are follows; first, investigating the relationship between trust and risk that are antecedent factors of purchase intention, and second, examining the validity of information security risk analysis approach in EC environment. Based on the survey results of 143 MBA students statistical analysis showed that factors like threats and controls were significantly related to risk, but assets did not have statistically significant relationship with risk. Controls and knowledge of EC had meaningful effect on user's trust. This study found that risk analysis methodology which is generally used at organizational level is practically useful at user level on EC environment. In conclusion, the results of this study would be applied to generic situation of information security for analyzing and managing the risk. Besides, this study emphasized that EC vendors need to pay more attention to the information security risk to gain customer's trust.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.42
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• pp.43-58
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived risk and product express-ive self-image on the consumer's adoption of casua hanbok. A questionnaire was developed and data colle-cted from 269 women in Pusan. Data were analyzed to investigate the relation-ship among purchase intention perceived risk and product epressive self-image. Marketing implication about risk reduction was discussed. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Consumer's perceived risk on adoption o casual hanbok classified into four factors They were the risk on the confirmation of advantage of casual hanbok the risk on the negative viewpoint of others the risk on the complexity of dressing and care and the risk on the shortcoming of casual hanbok. It was explained that casual hanbok is innovative product. 2. According to the level of adoption of casual hanbok. consumers were categorized into three groups i.e. adopter potential adopter rejector. They differed in the degree of risk perception age and subjective knowledge redlated to casual hanbok. 3. Consumer's subjective knowledge age and two types of risk has predicting power to the purchase intention. Consumer's subjective knowledge was the best predicted factor and risk perception was negatively related to purchase intention. 4. The significant differences among the categ-orized consumer group was founded in the ideal self image and product expressive self-image 5. The gap of perception between ideal self-image and product expressive self-image was significantly different in each categorized consumer groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

Risk assessment system which is the point of occupational safety and health management system is recognized to be effective to prevent industrial accident and occupational disease internationally. Ministry of Employment and Labor developed guidance on risk assessment at workplace recently. This guidance presents standard model on risk assessment at workplace. However, enterprises may be confronted with many questions in the process of introducing and operating risk assessment. For risk assessment to be implemented properly and effectively at workplace, there are various questions that need to be considered in advance, including giving shape to standard on risk evaluation and clarifying the implementation system at workplace in advance. Also for risk assessment to be revitalized at workplace, several policy matters need to be settled. First, an administrative agency should present the implementation method of risk assessment more concretely. Secondly, it is necessary for an administrative agency to develop and spread various detailed manual, models and good practices related to risk assessment. Thirdly, a government agency need to apply an incentive & disadvantage policy actively to risk assessment.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2014

This research designed and implemented a supply chain risk management platform and applied it to a case study of reduced-fat Lanna pork sausage as a new product development project. The proposed framework has three stages: risk identification, risk assessment, and risk mitigation. Seventeen risk agents with 17 risk events were identified based on SWOT analysis and the Porter Five Forces concept through the process of planning, sourcing, making and delivering, partially captured from the supply chain operations reference model in the first stage. In the second stage, an house of risk (HOR) framework was applied to present the impacts of each risk agent. In the third stage, eight risk agents with high impact were selected to design 21 preventive actions. Finally, three preventive actions with the highest effectiveness to difficulty ratio scores-'sales evaluation of familiar products', 'increasing distribution channels and promotions to improve sales', and 'work flow improvement for work safety'-were then recommended for this new product development.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.497-502
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the determinants of default risk of rural banks in East Java, Indonesia. The method used is descriptive verification and logistic regression analysis. The data used is secondary in the form of monthly annual financial reports of rural banks in East Java during the period 2009-2018. From the results, it was shown that net interest margin (NIM) as a proxy of market risk, non-performing loan (NPL) as a proxy of credit risk, operation efficiency as a proxy of operational risk and return on assets (ROA) as a proxy of profitability have a significant influence on default risk. Meanwhile, the loan to deposit (LDR) ratio as a proxy of liquidity risk has no significant influence on default risk. Banks need to implement risk management and meet the capital adequacy requirements of regulators so that they are resistant to risk, and also, compliant with bank governance to be able to produce high returns for rural banks have an impact on sustainability and its existence. The ability to identify setbacks in bank conditions and the ability to distinguish between healthy and problematic banks will enable to anticipate default banks.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2024

Fire, being primarily a natural phenomenon, is impossible to control, although it is feasible to map the forest fire risk zone, minimizing the frequency of fires. The spread of a fire starting in any stand in a forest can be predicted, given the burning conditions. The natural cover of the land and the safety of the population may be threatened by the spread of forest fires; thus, the prevention of fire damage requires early discovery. Satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) can be used effectively to combine different forest-fire-causing factors for mapping the forest fire risk zone. This study mainly focuses on mapping forest fire risk in the Madikhola watershed. The primary causes of forest fires appear to be human negligence, uncontrolled fire in nearby forests and agricultural regions, and fire for pastoral purposes which were used to evaluate and assign risk values to the mapping process. The majority of fires, according to MODIS events, occurred from December to April, with March recording the highest occurrences. The Risk Zonation Map, which was prepared using LULC, Forest Type, Slope, Aspect, Elevation, Road Proximity, and Proximity to Water Bodies, showed that a High Fire Risk Zone comprised 29% of the Total Watershed Area, followed by a Moderate Risk Zone, covering 37% of the total area. The derived map products are helpful to local forest managers to minimize fire risks within the forests and take proper responses when fires break out. This study further recommends including the fuel factor and other fire-contributing factors to derive a higher resolution of the fire risk map.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.259-267
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• 2009

This study intends to figure out the variables affecting the degree of female undergraduates' perceived risk of smoking and utilize them as foundational data for educating them to quit smoking. Thereupon, it conducted a self-administered survey from May 18 till 25 of 2009 to 231 female undergraduates attending S University located in Gyeonggi-do. The study tool contains 19 items of general characteristics and 8 of the degree of perceived risk of smoking. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS program, and the following results were gained. 1. According to the result on the degree of female undergraduates' perceived risk of smoking, the degree was shown high as the average was 4.32 among the perfect score of 5; thus, the degree of perceived risk of smoking was high. 2. In terms of the household economic level, female undergraduates with the lower economic level indicated the higher degree of perceived risk of smoking. There existed significant difference by their economic level (F=7.14, p<.01). 3. In regard of whether the female undergraduate smokes or not, the non-smoker perceives the degree of risk of smoking more highly than the smoker does; there is significant difference by whether they smoke or not (t=-2.43, p<.05). 4. About the number of friends who smoke, female undergraduates with one smoking friend show the highest degree of perceived risk of smoking. Those haying three or more smoking friends indicate the low degree of perceived risk of smoking. There exists significant difference by the number of smoking friends they have (F=3.14, p<.05). 5. According to the degree of perceived risk of smoking by their school life satisfaction, the female undergraduates expressing 'dissatisfaction' show the highest degree of perceived risk of smoking while 'satisfaction' indicates the average level. This was statistically significant difference (F=4.81, p<.01). Therefore, it is thought that it will be necessary to develop programs based on this research which can allow female undergraduates to team the importance of quitting smoking and actively participate in the education for it.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.30 no.3_4
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• pp.413-428
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• 2012

Every contingent claim is unable to be replicated in the incomplete markets. Shortfall risk is considered with some risk exposure. We show how the dynamic optimization problem with the capital constraint can be reduced to the problem to find an optimal modified claim $\tilde{\psi}H$ where$\tilde{\psi}H$ is a randomized test in the static problem. Convex and coherent risk measures defined in the Orlicz hearts spaces, $M^{\Phi}$, are used as risk measure. It can be shown that we have the same results as in [21, 22] even though convex and coherent risk measures defined in the Orlicz hearts spaces, $M^{\Phi}$, are used. In this paper, we use Fenchel duality Theorem in the literature to deduce necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the static optimization problem using convex duality methods.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.233-247
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• 2012

There are so many studies on perceived risk and purchasing intention. But the results of those studies were inconsistent; some studies showed the positive effect of perceived risk on purchasing intention; others showed the negative effect. This research supposed that the inconsistence of studies resulted from the difference of group innovativeness and set up research hypotheses : among users from the lower innovativeness group, perceived risk has a negative effect on purchasing intention, but from the higher group, perceived risk has a positive effect on purchasing intention. We compared Internet shopping mall users of South Korea representing low innovativeness with those of China representing high innovativeness. The results provided that among South Korean users, perceived risk had the statistically insignificant negative effect on purchasing intention, but among Chinese users, it had the statistically significant positive effect on purchasing intention. Additionally, this study found that perceived risk influenced users' fun which in turn influenced purchasing intention.