• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2024

The fire risk and fire safety of four types of wood were comprehensively evaluated according to Chung's equation-XII. White ash, willow, fraxinus mandshurica, and sagent cherry trees were selected as test specimens. A cone calorimetery (ISO 5660-1) was used to examine the combustion characteristics of the test piece, and finally, the fire risk rating (FRR) was predicted using the fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII). The predicted fire performance index-X (FPI-X) and fire growth index-X (FGI-X) ranged from 469.03 to 1109.73 s²/kW and 0.0009 to 0.0280 kW/s², respectively. Additionally, the fire performance index-XI (FPI-XI) and fire growth index-XI (FGI-XI) ranged from 0.41 to 0.97 and 1.11 to 3.11, respectively. The fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII), representing a fire risk rating, showed that the fire risk of frasxinus mandsurica tree (FM) was very high at 7.60 (fire risk rating: D). And it was compared with Chung's equation-IX, fire risk index-IX (FRI-IX). The fire risk ratings according to FRI-IX and FRI-XII were generally high for willow and frasxinus mandsurica trees. Additionally, the results of FRI-XII and FRI-IX had a similar relationship, and the size of each fire safety rating closely matched each other.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2014

This study was performed to test combustive properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) plates treated with piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP), and N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MDEDAP). MDF specimens were painted three times with 15 wt% solution of the alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As a result, combustion-retardation properties increased due to the treatment of bare MDF with alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acid solution. Especially, the specimens treated with chemicals showed the ignition (TTI) (148 s~116 s) was retarded and the flameout (Tf) (633 s~529 s) time increased, while the total heat release rate (THRR) (61.1~67.0) $MJ/m^2$ was lowered than those of using virgin plate by reducing the burnig rate. Compared with virgin MDF plate, the specimens treated with the alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids showed low combustive properties. However the specimens treated with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDP) showed the higher peak heat release rate (PHRR) ($185.08kW/m^2$) than that of the virgin plate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2018

Cypress woods treated individually with boric acid (BA4), ammonium pentaborate (APB4), or BA4/APB4 additives were examined for combustion gases. Each of the specimens was painted with a 4 wt% solution of boron compounds three times. Dried at room temperature, the combustion gas was analyzed using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Consequently, the second maximum oxygen consumption rate of the specimen treated with boron compounds was 0.1067 to 0.1246 g/s, which was 5.3 to 18.9%, respectively lower than that of the blank specimen. The specific extinction area of specimens treated with BA4 and APB4 was also 2.0 to 19.0% lower, respectively. However, treated with BA4/APB4 showed 21.2% higher than that of the blank specimen. The maximum carbon monoxide concentration of the specimens with boron compounds was reduced by 0 to 25%. It was estimated to be 1.6 to 2.2 times higher than the permissible exposure limits by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), indicating a fatal toxicity. The boron compounds were effective in reducing carbon monoxide, but didn't meet the OSHA limit. The boron compound inhibited the burning behavior of the cypress wood, which suppressed the second maximum oxygen consumption rate by 5.3 to 18.9% and the maximum carbon monoxide generation by 0 to 25%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2021

In order to evaluate the fire risk and fire risk rating of wood for construction materials, this study focused on fire performance index-III (FPI-III), fire growth index-III (FGI-III), and fire risk index-IV (FRI-IV) according to Chung's equations-III and -IV. Western red cedar, needle fir, ash, and maple were used as the specimens. The fire characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment on the specimen. The FPI-III measured after the combustion reaction was 0.86 to 12.77 based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The FGI-III was found to be 0.63 to 5.26 based on PMMA. The fire rating according to the FRI-IV, which is the fire rating index, was 0.05 to 6.12, and the western red cedar was 122.4 times higher than that of the maple. The fire risk rating according to the FRI-IV increased in the order of maple, ash, needle fir, PMMA and western red cedar. The CO peak concentration of all specimens was measured as 103 to 162 ppm, and it was 2.1 to 3.2 times higher than 50 ppm, the permissible exposure limits of the US occupational safety and health administration. Materials such as western red cedar, which have a low bulk density and contain a large amount of volatile organic substances, have a low FPI-III and a high FGI-III, so they have a high fire risk rating.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.388-396
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• 2023

The evaluation of fire risk for combustible materials was carried out using Chung's equations-X, Chung's equations-XI, and Chung's equation-XII, which were newly established. The fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII) and fire risk rating (FRR) were calculated for specimens including camphor tree, cherry, rubber tree, and elm. The combustion characteristics were determined using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1. Chung's equations caculated the fire performance index-X (FPI-X) and fire growth index-X (FGI-X) values ranged from 89.34 to 1696.75 s² /kW and from 0.0006 to 0.0107 kW/s² , respectively. In addition, the fire performance index-XI (FPI-XI) and fire growth index-XI (FGI-XI) varied from 0.08 to 1.48 and from 0.67 to 11.89, respectively. The fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII), which is an indicator of fire risk, showed that camphor tree had a value of 148.63 (fire risk rating: G), indicating a very high fire risk. This suggests that combustible materials with a high concentration of volatile organic compounds have lower FPI-X and FPI-XI values, higher FGI-X and FGI-XI values, and consequently higher FRI-XII values, indicating an increased fire risk.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the combustion and thermal properties in order to establish baseline data for the fire safety evaluation of imported wood. The combustion properties such as heat release rate, total heat release, gas yield, and mass loss were analyzed by the method of cone calorimeter test according to KS F ISO 5660-1 and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Analyzed species are five kinds of species as Merbau, Mempening, Garo Garo, Malas, and Dillenia. The heat released rate values showed the highest value of Malas as $375.52kW/m^2$, and Dillenia showed the lowest value as $133.30kW/m^2$. The data values were confirmed in the following order: Malas > Mempening > Garo Garo > Merbau > Dillenia. In case of the total heat release, it was measured in the following order: Mempening > Malas > Garo Garo > Merbau > Dillenia. The gas analysis results were that Dillenia showed the highest value of 0.034. Also, Mempening and Malas showed the lowest at 0.020 in the $CO/CO_2$. Min of mass reduction was shown as 74.79% Sargent cherry, on the other hand, Malas had a 83.52%. It showed a correlation between and of the CO and $CO_2$ generation and combustion characteristics of wood. The thermal decomposition temperature of the wood in the TGA were as follow that Merbau $348.07^{\circ}C$, Mempening $367.57^{\circ}C$, Garo Garo $350.59^{\circ}C$, Malas $352.41^{\circ}C$, Dillenia $364.33^{\circ}C$. The aim of this study is to determine the combustion properties of imported wood according to ISO 5660-1. And, based on the results of this study, we would proceed with further research for improving the fire safety of wood for construction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

One of the restriction of wood as building material is its combustibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata which are dried at room temperature and meet the desirable characteristics for use of construction materials. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO production and smoke obscuration. The $HRR_{mean}$ 77.94 kW/$m^2$ of the quercus variabilis at 50 kW/$m^2$ was high in comparison with $HRR_{mean}$ 13.06 kW/$m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high specific extinction area ($SEA_{mean}$), 41.11 $m^2$/kg compared with $SEA_{mean}$ 9.23 $m^2$/kg of zelkova serrata. Thease results are depend on the density of tested wood species. In addition, the quercus variabilis has high CO production rate compared with that of zelkova serrata. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of retardant properties attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2017

This study demonstrated the emission of combustion gases of medium density fibreboard (MDF)s coated with piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP), N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MDEDAP), or bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP). Each MDFs were coated in three times with a brush with 15 wt% aqueous solution of the phosphorus-nitrogen acid additives. After the specimens were dried at room temperature, the emission of combustion gases was tested using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2). The peak smoke production rate ($SPR_{peak}$) of the specimens coated with phosphorus-nitrogen acids was 18.5 to 41.5%, which is lower than that of using the virgin plate. However, the production of peak carbon monoxide ($CO_{peak}$) was 6.7 to 24.2% higher than that of using the virgin plate. Also, the peak carbon dioxide ($CO_{2peak}$) was 4.2 to 24.4% lower than that of using virgin plate. While the peak oxygen depletion rate was much higher than the level of 15%, which can be fatal to humans and the resulting risk could thus be eliminated. Overall, the combustibility of coated specimens was partially suppressed, but showed a negative effect on the reduction of carbon monoxide.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of pinus rigida specimens treated with methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid $M^{n+}$ ($PIPEABPM^{n+}$)s and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP). Pinus rigida Plates were painted in three times with 15 wt% $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ and PIPEABP solutions at the room temperature respectively. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was indicated that the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ showed the lower speed to peak mass loss rate ($MLR_{peak}$), (0.104~0.121) g/s than that of PIPEABP plate. In adition, the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ showed both the lower total smoke release rate (TSRR), (224.4~484.0) $m^2/m^2$ and $CO_{mean}$ production (0.0537~0.0628) kg/kg than those of PIPEAB plate. Especially, for the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ by reducing the smoke production rate except 2nd-smoke production rate (2nd-SPR), (0.0254~0.02270) g/s treated with $PIPEABPNi^{2+}$, 2nd-SPR (0.0117~0.0146) g/s was lower than that of PIPEABP plate. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ in the virgin plate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.505-510
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• 2015

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of pinus rigida specimens treated with methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid $M^{n+}$ ($PIPEABPM^{n+}$)s and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP). Each pinus rigida plates were painted three times with 15 wt% $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ or PIPEABP solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimens treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was indicated that the speed to peak mass loss rate ($MLR_{peak}$), (0.104~0.121) g/s for specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ was lower than that of PIPEABP plate. In addition, the total smoke release rate (TSRR), $(224.4{\sim}484.0)m^2/m^2$ for $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ treated specimens except specimen treated with PIPEABPAl3+ and $CO_{mean}$ production (0.0537~0.0628) kg/kg was smaller than that of PIPEABP plate. In particular, for the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ by reducing the smoke production rate, the second-smoke production rate (2nd-SPR) $(0.0117{\sim}0.0146)m^2/s$ was lower than that of PIPEABP plate. It can thus be concluded that combustion-retardation properties of the treated $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ were partially improved compared to those of the virgin plate.