• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.346-349
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• 2019

Product liability is an important regulation factor in automotive industry. ISO 26262 international standard was established as an exemption clause of product liability. In autonomous car, product liability becomes more important, and ISO/PAS international standard was additionally established, but it can be applied to only sensing stage, which can partly make the autonomous car companies exempt the product liability but not completely. Therefore, reform of current legal system is absolutely necessary to commercialize autonomous car until a new international standard is established as a complete exemptions clause.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.698-701
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• 2020

여러 대의 자율주행 차량이 하나의 그룹을 형성하여 주행하는 군집주행은 미래 고속도로 교통 시스템의 핵심 기술이다. 이러한 군집주행에서 발생할 수 있는 다양한 상황에서의 안전을 고려하는 일은 단독 자율 주행에서의 경우보다 더 어렵다. 다양한 군집주행의 안전 위협 요인 중, 의도하지 않은 동작으로부터 자율주행 차량의 안전성을 향상하는 방법을 가이드하기 위하여 새로운 표준 ISO/PAS 21448이 제정되었다. 본 논문에서는 ISO/PAS 21448 표준이 다루는 시나리오를 통해 군집주행에서 발생할 수 있는 의도하지 않은 상황의 극복을 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 특히 군집주행 시뮬레이터인 VENTOS를 이용하여 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법이 안전한 군집주행이라는 목표를 달성할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2021

Recently, the use of electric and electronic control systems is increasing in the automobile industry. This increase in the electric and electronic control system greatly increases the complexity of designing a vehicle, which leads to an increase in the malfunction of the system, and a safety problem due to the malfunction is becoming an issue. Based on IEC 61508 relating to the functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronics, the ISO 26262 standard specific to the automotive sector was first established in 2011, and a revision was published in 2018. Malfunctions due to system failure are covered by ISO 26262, but ISO/PAS 21448 is proposed to deal with unintended malfunctions caused by changes in the surrounding environment. ISO 26262 sets out safety-related requirements for the entire life cycle. Functional safety analysis includes FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis), and HAZOP (Hazard and Operability). These analysis have limitations in dealing with failures or errors caused by complex interrelationships because it is assumed that a failure or error affecting the risk occurs by a specific component. In order to overcome this limitation, it is necessary to apply the STPA (System Theoretic Process Analysis) technique.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.565-570
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• 2021

This paper describes UL 4600, a new international safety standard to ensure safety of autonomous cars. Conventional vehicular safety standards such as ISO 26262 and ISO/PAS 21448 suffer from large limitations to be applied to autonomous cars, but UL 4600 exploits new approaches to be applied to autonomous cars. Conventional standards define various technological aspects to ensure safety and require manufacturers to certify these aspects. On the contrary, UL 4600 requires manufacturer to explain and prove why autonomous cars are safe. In UL 4600, (1) under specific environments where the system is designed to operate with, (2) claims should be defined to guarantee given safety, and (3) arguments should be suggested to satisfy given goals, and (3) evidences should be presented to prove given arguments. UL 4600 is technology-neutral since it does not require specific designs nor technologies. So UL 4600 only requires manufacturers to prove given safety goals regardless of methods and technologies. Also UL 4600 admits various cases of autonomous car field operations into the standard via feedback loop. So UL 4600 effectively maneuvers various dangers unknown at the time of standard establishment.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.571-577
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• 2021

This paper describes ISO/TR 4804, an international standard to describe how to design and verify autonomous cars to ensure safety and cybersecurity. Goals of ISO/TR 4804 are (1) positive risk balance and (2) avoidance of unreasonable risk. It also 12 principles of safety and cybersecurity to achieve these goals. In the design procedures, it describes (1) 13 capabilities to achieve these safety and cybersecurity principles, (2) hardware and software elements to achieve these capabilities, and (3) a generic logical architecture to combine these elements. In the verification procedures, it describes (1) 5 challenges to ensure safety and cybersecurity, (2) test goals, platforms, and solutions to achieve these challenges, (3) simulation and field operation methods, and (4) verification methods for hardware and software elements. Especially, it regards deep neural network as a software component and it describe design and verification methods of autonomous cars.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.578-583
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• 2021

This paper describes acceleration tests for reliability of semiconductors. It also describes AEC-Q100, international test standard for reliability of automotive semiconductors. Semiconductors can be used for dozens of years. So acceleration tests are essential to test potential problems over whole period of product where test time is minimized by applying intensive stresses. AEC-Q100 is a typical acceleration test in automotive semiconductors, and it is designed to find various failures in semiconductors and to analyze their causes of occurance. So it finds many problems in design and fabrication as well as it predicts lifetime and reliability of semiconductors. AEC-Q100 consists of 7 test groups such as accelerated environmental stress tests, accelerated lifetime simulation tests, package assembly integrity tests, die fabrication reliability tests, electrical verification tests, defect screening tests, and cavity package integrity tests. It has 4 grades from grade 0 to grade 3 based on operational temperature. AEC-Q101, Q102, Q103, Q104, and Q200 are applied to discrete semiconductors, optoelectronic semiconductors, sensors, multichip modules, and passive components, respectively.