• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2000

Background : The decision to institute mechanical ventilation for patients with COPD is very difficult. The accurate information regarding weaning success and long-term survival will improve communication with patients and family and enhance informed consent. The aims of this study are to describe outcomes and identify variables associated with survival for patients experiencing mechanical ventilation with an acute respiratory failure of COPD. Methods : The 53 cases of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit in the National Medical Center from 1989 to 1998 were included. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Weaning success rate and 3 month and 1 year survival rates were estimated. Factors associated with weaning success and survival were determined. Results : Weaning sucess was 55%. For success group with 29 cases, 3 months survival rate was 61% and 1 year survival rate 37%. APACHE II scores in weaning success group were significantly lower than those in the failure group. Factors such as age, sex, comorbid-illnes. previous steroid use, causes of respiratory failure, RVH or arrhythmia on EKG, serum albumin level, arterial blood pH, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, $FEV_1$ duration of mechanical ventilation and steroid use during mechanical ventilation were not associated with weaning success. Only age and serum albumin level were associated with 3 month and 1 year survival. No COPD patients of age more than 75 years and serum albumin level less than 3g/dl had survived at 1 year after weaning success. Conclusion : While weaning success from mechanical ventilation can be predicted by APACHE II score in COPD patients, long-term outcomes of survivors may be influenced by nutritional status and age.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.558-567
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• 2000

Background : Recently, serologic techniques for tuberculosis have been developed and some of them, which are focusing on detection of serum antibodies mainly directed against specific 38-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have already been introduced into the markel. In this study, diagnostic significance of a new serologic test(ELISA kit) for pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated. Method : Serologic test with newly developed ELISA kit was performed upon 474 individuals, who include 333 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 80 healthy cases, and 61 tuberculosis contact cases. This serologic test was based on the ELISA technique and designed to detect antibodies to mixed complex antigens including 38-kDa, which were developed by Erume Biotech Co., Seoul. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed by sputum AFB smear and culture methods. Results : The seropositivities using this ELISA kit were 82.1% and 73.6% in smear-positive and negative groups among active pulmonary tuberculosis, respectively. And, it also showed that seronegativities were 97.5% and 85.2% in healthy and contact groups, respectively. As a whole, the results of our study using the ELISA kit as a diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis showed 80.0% sensitivity for active pulmonary tuberculosis, 97.5% specificity, 96.1% positive predictive value, and 65.0% negative predictive value when the prevalence of tuberuclosis in the samples was 60.1%. Conclusion : Our results reveal that the detection of antibody its reaction with 38-kDa antigen of M. tuberculosis is not sufficient to be accepted as single diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis. However, they suggest that ELISA kit may be considered as an adjunctive test to standard diagnostic techniques of pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2000

Background : Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase is a natural inhibitor that counteracts pro teolytic enzymes essential to the invasion of cancer cell. Whether or not TIMP-2 gene transfer via adenovirus could inhibit the invasion of lung cancer cell iη vitro was evaluated for the future purpose of gene therapy against lung cancer. Methods : Recombinant adenovirus-TIMP-2(Ad-TIMP-2) was generated by homologous recombination after pACCMV-TIMP-2 and pJM17 were cotransfected into 293 cell by standard calcium phosphate coprecipitate method. Calu-6, one of the most invasive lung cancer cells, was transduced with Ad-TIMP-2 or Ad-$\beta$gal. Anchorage-independent growth and invasiveness were assessed by soft agar clonogenicity assay and invasion assay using two-chamber, well divided by matrigel. Results : Ad-TIMP-2 transduced calu-6 cells produced biologically active TIMP-2 more than 50 times more than parental calu-6. TIMP-2 gene transfer did not suppress the in vitro tumorigenicity. However, two chamber well assay revealed that Ad-TIMP-2 transduction reduced the invasiveness of calu-6 efficiently (12% compared with parental cell) even at low 10moi. Conclusion : Even though TIMP-2 gene transfer did not inhibit in vitro tumorigenicity, it did inhibit invasion of lung cancer cell in vitro. The inhibition of invasion by Ad-TIMP-2 may be a useful strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.585-593
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• 2000

Background : International consensus guidelines have recently been developed to improve the assessment and management of asthma. One of the major recommendation of these guidelines is that asthma severity should be assessed through the recognition of key symptoms, such as nocturnal waking, medication requirements, and objective measurements of lung function. Differential classification of asthma severity would lead to major differences in both long term pharmacological management and the treatment of severe exacerbation. Methods : This study examined the relationship between the symptom score and measurements of $FEV_1$ and PEF when expressed as a percentage of predicted values in asthmatics (n=107). Results : The correlation of $FEV_1$ % with PEFR% was highly significant (r=0.83, p<0.01). However, there was agreement in terms of the classification of asthma severity in 76.6% of the paired measurements of $FEV_1$ % and PEFR%. Agreement in the classification of asthma severity was also found in 57.1% of the paired analysis of $FEV_1$ % and symptom score. 39% of the patients classified as having moderate asthma on the basis of $FEV_1$ % recording would be considered to have severe asthma if symptom score alone were used. Low baseline $FEV_1$ and high bronchial responsiveness were associated with a low degree of perception of airway obstruction. Conclusion : The relationships between the symptom score, PEFR and $FEV_1$ were generally poor. When assessing asthma severity, age, duration, $PC_{20}$, and baseline $FEV_1$ should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2000

In order to improve 'Salso' method (conventional tapping method) which was very inefficient in the aspects of collection time and labor, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of the application date and the distance from treatment point in the lactree(Rhus verniciflua) treated with 10% CEPA and to decide the possibility of application of the technique in the field. Bark thickness was significantly increased to the part 40cm above and below the treatment point, but urushiol content was increased to the part 20cm above and 10cm below the zone treated with 10% CEPA. The urushiol content of the bark was highest at 5cm above the treated zone and decreased in the order of 10, 20, and 40cm. And the urushiol contents of the bark of the upper part were higher than that of the low part. The effects of CEPA on bark thickness were similar to urushiol contents. Urushiol production of lactree is highly dependent on climatic conditions and particularly on the precipitation, and duration of sunshine. Ten percent of CEPA-lanolin pastes which was treated on June 16 affected bark anatomy and urushiol contents, while the treatment on August 24 did not affect. In the Rhus verniciflua treated with 10% CEPA, the urushiol contents was initially increased from 7 days after treatment, continued for the 4 weeks, and then slight decrease occurred at 5 weeks after the treatment. We measured a total sap yield by Salso method in lactree treated with 10% CEPA. By applying 10% CEPA, the sap yield was increased 3-4 times compared to that of untreated trees in the first tapping. But the relative ratio was gradually decreased from the second tapping to sixth, and after seventh tapping, the untreated trees secreted more sap than the treated trees. We discussed about the causes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.342-355
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• 2000

This study was carried out to reveal the influence of discharge change on matters and stream water quality between pH, EC and dissolved matters obtained by observation of long-term and short-term on stream water quality and separated runoff components from stream water by using HYCYMODEL. From January in 1998 to September in 1999, it was estimated by relationships of character of water quality and discharge for the experimental watershed in Mt. Palgong. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Annual average pH values of stream water in 1998 and in 1999 were 6.48(6.22~6.89) and 6.52(5.75~7.18), respectively. The observed annual average pH values were maintaining identical values in general, but pH values decreased continuously during the four months after thinning in the experimental watershed. So thinning is suspected of the major cause for the decrease. 2. Annual average EC values of stream water in 1998 and in 1999 were $26.69(17.95{\sim}33.5){\mu}S/cm$ and $25.19(17.5{\sim}33.8){\mu}S/cm$, respectively. The observed annual average EC values were maintaining identical values in general. 3. As a result of the comparison of average dissolved ions of rainfall and stream water, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ showed minus values between incomings and outgoings. $Na^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$ among the dissolved ions of stream water showed the highest concentration out of cations and anions respectively. 4. By the change of pH value in stream water due to rainfall events, pH value decreased with increasing runoff as pH value increased before and after peak flow. 5. By the change of EC value in stream water due to rainfall events, EC value decreased with increasing runoff of first rainfall as EC value changed with runoff before and after peak flow. 6. As the runoff increased, the concentration of $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, total cation, $Cl^-$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in stream water lowered. On the other hand, the runoff decreased, their concentration in stream water tended to get high. But in terms of $NO_3{^-}$ and total anion, they turned out vice versa. $Mg^{2+}$ produced no reaction. 7. The base flow among runoff components separated by using HYCYMODEL influenced greatly on pH, EC, concentration of cation and anion.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the research trend in home economics education using network text analysis method. The 586 research articles published in the Journal of Home Economics Education Association between July, 2003 and December 2018 were examined using Neckinger 4, a social network analysis software. The frequency and centrality measures(degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality) were calculated for the words appeared throughout the whole period, and the centrality analysis and LAD(Latent Dirichlet Allocation) were conducted for the four sub-periods. The results are as follows: first, the most frequently appeared words are parents, culture, unit, health, career, consumption, practicality, etc. The words such as parents and management scored high in degree centrality; parents and male students in closeness centrality; and male students and units in betweenness centrality. Second, when divided into four periods, the words such as education, family, purpose, class, middle school, and school appeared most frequently across the periods; but some words such as 'purpose' (in period 3 and 4), or 'process' (in period 4) were salient only in certain periods. Third, the words with high centrality were consistent regardless of the types of centrality within each period. Fourth, the topic analysis using LAD showed that curriculum, textbook, family healthiness, teaching-learning, evaluation, dietary life, appearance management, and consumption were the topics consistently appeared across all periods. The topics have become diversified and deepened. New topics such as teacher training and safety appeared in later periods, possibly due to the curriculum and national policy changes, and housing as a less represented topic is suggested as an area that needs further research attention. This study has implication in that it allows researchers to identify the major research interests and the trends in research by researchers in home economic education.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of several substrates and ratio of NO3--N to NH4--N in nutrient solution on growth, yield and mineral uptake of sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) in bag culture. The content of minerals such as P, K, Ca and Mg showed difference in concentration among media: P and Mg were the highest in vermiculite in vermiculti+rice hull, K in perlite+vermiculite and Ca in perlite+peatmoss; with the lowest in the single perlite medium respectively, Ca of mineral made fairly higest level in concentration compared with the others in all of the media. The concentration of mineral content was lower in the ratio of 8:2 than that of 10:0. Admitting that the pH made difference depending on the kind of substrates and ratios of NO3--N to NH4--N. The pH of 10:0 ratio in all the substrates was higher and more stable than that of 8:2. The range of EC in all the substrates showed from 1.78ds·m-1 to 2.10 ds·m-1, which was optimum range for growth of sweet pepper, and range of EC is larger in 8:2 ratio than that in 10:0 ratio. Plant height and stem diameter were nothing to do with the kind of substrates, but leaf area was the largest at vermiculite+rice hull of the 8:2 ratio, fresh and dry weights were heavier at peatmoss+carbonized rice hull, but were the lightest at perlite. All indexes related to the growth which had something to do with the kind of substrates higher in 8:2 ratio than those in 10:0 ratio. The number of fruit and fresh weight related to the ratio of the 8:2 were the highest as 17.5 at vermiculite+rice hull with 1,588g of fresh weight, while the yield from perlite was the lowest. The number of fruit was the highest as 16.4 at virmiculite+rice hull, yield was the higest as 1,394a at perlite+ peatmoss. The yield of 8:2 ratio at all substrates was higher than that of 10:0 ratio. Of the mineral content related to the plant part, K+ and Mg2+ were higher in concentration at leaf; Ca2+ were higher at root; PO4- was higher at stem and fruit; The content of mineral showed no difference between the ratio of the 8:2 and the ratio of the 10:0 with no regrading to the difference of mineral content among substrates; and K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ uptake of sweet pepper were higher at 10:0 ratio than that of 8:2; 2while PO4- uptake of sweet pepper was lower at 10:0 ratio than that of 8:2 ratio.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2000

1. Background and Purpose The faces of human being change as they grow older. We could know the characters of the each ages, through the facial comparison between the 30's, 40's and the 50's, 60's. As a conclusion, I carried out this Study because I thought that the errors of diagnosis would be reduced a lot through the standardization researches about the morphology of faces. 2. Objectives The object of this study is selected from the patients who were already diagnosed Sasang Constitutions at the department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine in Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center. The number of the patients were 69 men in 30's and 40's, and 74 men in 50's and 60's. 3. Method I took the photographs of front view and lateral view of the objectives by digital camera and obtained the 200 measure through the facial measurement program. I compared the measure of 50's and 60's with 30's and 40's by independant t-test. 4. Results 28 measures are different 30's and 40's with 50's and 60's in Soyangin, 31 measures in Soeumin, 40 measures in Taeumin. 5. Conclusion (1) Soyangin showed wider interpupillary distance in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. They also showed the large brow and cheek and their lips were thick and prominent and their ophyrion were prominent and their noses were wide and large and they showed wide bigonial breadth in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. (2) Soeumin showed the position of ears were higher and the brows were longer and larger in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of both eyebrow were wider in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. The lower 2/3 portion of the face was longer and the shape of head was longer in vertical in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (3) Taeumin showed the wider brow in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of each eyes was wider and the width of cheek and face was larger, too. The ophyrion was prominent and the mouth was bigger and the face showed longer in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (4) The upper 1/3 portion of the face was large in 30's and 40's and the lower 2/3 portion of the face showed large and long in 50's and 60's regardless Constitution.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 2000

The study attempts to examine the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. It puts unique nursing intervention using traditional health promotion connected with oriental medicine to practical use for residents' health promotion and prevention of disease. With the study design of cross-sectional descriptive study, 516 residents who live in 26 Dongs, Dongdaemoon-gu were selected. The tool of study consists of 30 questions which the study team made for the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. Cronbach's $\alpha$ in the degree of cognition was .8028. Collection of research data had been done from October 1 to October 30, 1999 with help of Dongdaemoon-gu office after pretest from 20 residents. Collected data were analyzed into the number and percentage in the characteristic of a subject and connected with demand on the establishment of center, the mean and the standard deviation in the degree of cognition and F-tests in the difference of the degree of cognition by characteristics. The results were as follow; 1) The characteristic of subject of this study was male 50.6%, and average age was 38.5 years old and 30-39 years old occupied the highest percentage with 31.6%. The married were 71.8%, over high school graduates was 85.6%, monthly income from 500 thousand won to 2 million won was 86.1%. 50.8% was the type living with parents, children and sibling. 2) When they were sick, the institution which residents used at first was a pharmacy(69.2%) and hospital(27.5%), but oriental medicine hospital was just 1.4%. As for subjective health condition, 82.5% answered over average, and 28.7% answered that they had chronic illness such as arthritis, chronic digestion problem, hypertension and so on. As for information collection on health, mass communication(34.9%) and medically concerned people(28.1%) occupied relatively high rate. Free health diagnosis system(36.8%) and establishment of health promotion center(31.5%) among welfare programs that residents want to enjoy were high ranked. The rate using a special institution for health was 17.8%, and among these institutions, the rate using aerobic exercises, health center(7.0%) and steamed room(5.4%) was high. Besides, other institutions such as breathing at the abdomen, finger-pressure therapy, meridian massage, foot massage, and so on were being used. 3) As the average of the degree of cognition on health promotion center of oriental medicine was 2.92, the degree of cognition was medium. The description, "health promotion center of oriental medicine is necessary for health keeping of healthy people, including people who have a problem in health" showed the highest degree of cognition(3.04, ${\pm}0.64$). 4) As for the intention on using health promotion center of oriental nursing, 61.4% said "yes", "no" was just 1.4%. The services that people relatively high wanted to be served from the center were measures reducing stress(68.0%) (relaxation therapy, meditation, breathing at the abdomen and so on), acupuncture(66.5%), finger-pressure(61.6%), moxibustion(57.6%), meridian massage(44.2%), postpartum care(40.3%) and so on. 5) As for the degree of cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing by characteristics of subject, there was significant difference(F=4.03, p=.046) between male(3.01) and female(2.91). But there was no significant difference by age, marital status, level of educational achievement and monthly income. As the above result, cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing was relatively low because people were not familiar with about the health promotion center of oriental nursing yet. However once the center will be established, the degree of demand on the center will be relatively high. So positive advertisement will be necessary, and the management of useful programs will be also required in order to make people recognize the advantage when they actually will use the center. On the other hand, as the subject of the study consists of many young people of below 30, the health problem came to be low. And in the case of sampling, the study using random sampling that can represent population will be required.