• Korean Security Journal
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• no.38
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• pp.33-56
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• 2014

This study is aim to make use of prevention of air terrorism and strengthen of air security in Korea. To achieve it. searching main feature in U.S aviation profiling. Aviation profiling in U.S used to Secure Flight, Screening Passengers by Observation Technique, Registered Travel Program. Through U.S Aviation Profiling, Prevention of air terrorism in Korea are as in the following. First, Through U.S Aviation Profiling, Information of terrorism constructed in advance and unification of constructed information. Second, Identifiying that institution exclusively for prevention of air terrorism. Third, Identifiying that human rights and privacy invasion to a minimun plan anout U.S aviation profiling. Finally, Identifiying that the spread of research development for prevention of air terrorism and strengthen of air security in Korea.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.517-534
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• 2007

Since the beginning of human society, there have always been struggles and competitions for survival and prosperity, terrorism is not a recent phenomenon, however in modern times it has progressed to reflect the advances in civilization and power structures. At the time of the 9.11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. A., a new world order was in the process of being established after the breakdown of the Cold War era. The attacks drove both the Western and the Islamic worlds into heightened fear of terrorism and war, which threatened the quality of life of the whole mankind. Through two war campaigns against the Islamic world, it seems the U.S. has been pushing its own militaristic security road map of the Greater Middle East democratic initiative, justifying it as a means to retaliate and eradicate the terrorist threats towards themselves. However, with its five-year lopsided victories that cost the nation almost four thousand military casualties, and the war expenses that could match the Vietnam war, the U.S. does not yet seem to be totally emancipated from the fears of terrorism. Terrorism, in itself, is a means of resisting forced rules a form of alternative competition by the weak against the strong, and a way of expressing a dismissive response against dictatorial ideas or orders which allow for no normal changes. Intrinsically, the nature of terrorism is a reaction opposing power logics. Confronted with the absolute military power of the U.S., the Islamic strategies of terrorism have begun to rapidly evolve into a new stage. The new strategies take advantage of their civilization and circumstances, they train and inspire their front-line fighters on the Internet, and issue their orders through the clandestine network of the Al Qaeda operatives. These spontaneously generated strategies have been gained speed among the second, and third Islamic generations, many of whom are now spread throughout western societies. This represents a failure of the power-driven, one-sided overseas security initiatives by the U.S., and is creating a culture of fear and distrust in western societies. It is feared that the U.S. war campaigns have made the clash of religions far worse than before, and may ever lead to global ethnic separations and large-scale population movements. Eventually, it may result in the terrorist groups, enlarged and secretly supported by the huge sums of oil money, driving all mankind into a series of irreparable catastrophes.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.20
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• pp.271-289
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• 2009

In e-terrorism, terrorists use cyber spaces including the internet in order to strike terror into the heart of a nation. It is revealed that recently happening terror cases use cyber spaces as a strategic tool. This research aims to investigate efficient countermeasures against various types of terror attacks made by terrorists and their cyber networking, in order to contribute to the prevention of terrors from a modern standpoint. Based on the results of the investigation, relevant problems are suggested such that terrors are not cases happening in a specific country only because they take place in cyber spaces, that hacking incidents frequently happen in Korea which is used as a footstool by foreign hackers, and that Korea has poor professional security manpower and foundational facilities in comparison with other advanced countries. Answers to the problems include cultivating cyber information manpower to cope with e-terrorism, making an appropriate budget, setting up networks to integrate and systematize anti-e-terrorism organizations, and intensifying the collection of information of cyber attacks and the analysis of the information.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.15
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• pp.40-66
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legal controㅣ, by using the International Criminal Court(ICC) that will enter into force to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, and regulates the jurisdiction with respect to the following crimes: (a) The crime of genocide; (b) Crimes against humanity; (c) War crimes; Cd) The crime of aggression. However, the existing ICC Statute excludes (e) Crimes, established under or pursuant to the treaty, which was regulated by the ICC draft statute that the International Law Commission(ILC) examined and submitted to the UN General Assembly in 1994, and which contained aircraft terrorism such as hijacking in the Hague Convention of 1970 or sabotage in the Montreal Convention of 1971 in Annex of ILC draft. Therefore, this paper examines the legal character of aircraft terrorism as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, and suggests two kinds of legislative comments for the amendment of the ICC Statute including aircraft terrorism as an object of the jurisdiction of the Court, for suppressing aircraft terrorism in advance and ensuring equitable penalty by ICC system.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.1
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• pp.351-370
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• 1997

This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.15
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• pp.29-50
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• 2008

Many countries throughout the world have enacted laws on terrorism in the light of the changes that time has brought to them, geographical features, cultural values, and environmental elements. Especially some advanced European nations prescribe the definition of terrorism, the purpose of terrorism, the behavior of terrorism, and the types of crimes related to terrorism and so on for the following reason that it is more vital for the authorities concerned to investigate and punish terrorists after the rise of terrorism. In this regard, this paper analyzes legislative countermoves against terrorists of advanced countries such as France, Germany, and England and through this sheds light on the need of future anti-terrorism bills. The legislative basic guidelines directly to manipulate future terrors based on theories derived from this study could be summarized as follows. In the first place, providing laws on direct investigative power and harsher punishment to those involved in terrorism is a prerequisite for social security and thus the presidential directive of the state anti-terrorism action guidelines just deals with administrative measures without any effective response to terrorism. Hence it is urgent to make anti-terrorism bill concerning investigation and punishment of terrorists. In the second place, it is associated with the objectives of terror. The expression "all sorts of" stated in Korean law is so quite unclear that it can not fulfill the required conditions for naming it "crime". Comprehending provisoes of the crime that meets the purpose of the terrorists is necessary in order to investigate and inflict punishment on them. Therefore, it is advisable to establish specific and precise principles such as political, social, ideological, and religious purpose of terrorists in the bill. In the third place, to meet the flow of times of technicalization, informatization, such provisoes as destruction of electronic data system, crimes related to nuclear materials, purchases of weapons by terrorists, tax administration for prohibition of sale, and arson should be considered in terror bill. In the fourth place, nonselective attack toward unspecified individuals has become a serious issue in our society. Terrorists leave poisonous foods or beverages to crowded place or dump toxic chemicals into river intentionally. Therefore more strict regulations must be included in terror bill to prevent possible terrorist attacks.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2011

While frequency of occurrence of terrorism has recently increased, it intensively occurs in buildings that many unspecified persons gather. Terrorism which occurs in high-rise buildings causes a lot of damage. It is necessary for design approach to reduce terrorism damage from explosive of buildings. Terror risk analysis of domestic tall and high-rise buildings is evaluated by fema 455, Rapid Visual Screening which is found to be comparatively simple and practicable. Common risk factors of terrorism in domestic buildings were investigated. The results of terror risk assessment of all buildings are found to be a medium risk score, Main reason is that domestic tall or high-rise buildings have similar external-environmental factors.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.83-108
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• 2013

Since the end of the Cold War and rapid globalization and technical developments, terrorist groups actively involved in criminal activities. Also criminal entrepreneurs became a major financial revenue for these terrorists groups. This newly patternized activities among terrorist groups is now called as Crime-Terror Nexus" indicating the changing nature of terrorism, which means two traditionally separate phenomena, crime and terrorism, became more similar. This new pattern of terrorism is considered to create synergy for the criminal organizations and terrorist groups, scholars believe that it would become a significant threat to the security of world community in the near future. Although the phenomenon of this crime-terror nexus is significant and imminent threats, there is lack of studies investigation this new evolution of terrorism with empirical data. Moreover there is literally no studies exploring factors relevant to the Crime-Terror Nexus. Therefore, this current study aims to conduct explorative investigation of factors affecting the "Crime-Terror Nexus" with a world terrorism data, MAROB(the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior), which is developed by START and Minority at Risk project and contains information terrorist groups in Middle-East and Africa region. Considering the significance of this new terrorism patterns and the challenging nature of conducting empirical studies on this topic, this study has great contribution on the development in the field of criminal justice as well as terrorism.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.68-78
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• 2019

In modern society, the paradigm of terrorism is shifting to the form of soft targets focusing on an unspecified number of people, which is different from previous terrorist tendencies, and frequent attacks using chemicals. Therefore, this study analyzed the evacuation environment and characteristics, manual analysis of a terror response manual, and the domestic chemical management status of multi-use facilities, and proposed the following management measures for chemical terror prevention in multi-use facilities. First, a multi-use facility guideline for prompt onsite response is proposed. Second, an improvement plan is suggested through the analysis of the manual for counter terrorism. Third, integrated management is proposed through the selection of chemicals available for terrorism. Through this, it is expected that an additional improvement plan will be prepared for countermeasures against chemical terrorism in multi-use facilities. In the future, it will be necessary to analyze the problems through cases of foreign countries and take customized countermeasures.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

Terrorism is a serious problem in that it can infringe on a broad range of legal interests, from individual legal interests to national legal interests. And if these legal values are damaged, it is very unlikely that they will be restored to their original state. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the importance of preventive activities as well as institutional improvement and alternative policies. The role of the criminal justice authority is of paramount importance in ensuring proactive action and procedural legitimacy. It would be meaningful to look at their perception about terrorism before specific procedures and legal approaches are taken. A Study is related terrorism awareness of police officers - focused on 'Comprehensive Emergency Management Model'. Four phases of Comprehensive Emergency Management Model: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.