• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a parallel intra-operation unit and a memory architecture for improving the performance of intra-prediction, which utilizes spatial correlation in an image to predict the blocks and contains 17 prediction modes in total. The design is targeted for portable devices applying H.264/AVC decoders. For boosting the performance of the proposed design, we adopt a parallel intra-operation unit that can achieve the prediction of 16 neighboring pixels at the same time. In the best case, it can achieve the computation of one luma $16{\times}16$ block within 16 cycles. For one luma $4{\times}4$ block, a mere one cycle is needed to finish the process of computation. Compared with the previous designs, the average cycle reduction rate is 78.01%, and the gate count is slightly reduced. The design is synthesized with the MagnaChip $0.18{mu}m$ library and can run at 125 MHz.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.385-405
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• 2019

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) enables significantly improved compression performance relative to existing standards. However, the advance also requires high computational complexity. To accelerate the intra prediction mode decision, a minimum risk Bayesian classification framework is introduced. The classifier selects a small number of candidate modes to be evaluated by a rate-distortion optimization process using the sum of absolute Hadamard transformed difference (SATD). Moreover, the proposed method provides a loss factor that is a good trade-off model between computational complexity and coding efficiency. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a 31.54% average reduction in the encoding run time with a negligible coding loss of 0.93% BD-rate relative to HEVC test model 16.6 for the Intra_Main common test condition.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2005

Objectives : We got a good effect in two patients not by subcutaneous but by subcutaneous but by intra-articular bee venom injection treatments at traumatic arthritis of elbow joint, so report it. Methods : We used only intra-articular bee venom injection treatments at acute traumatic arthritis of elbow joint. After measured the VAS(visual analogue) and ROM(range of motion) of elbow joint, we bee venom injection effect. Results and Conclusions : The symptoms(swelling, pain) and the functions of elbow joint were quickly improved through intra-articular bee venom injection treatments. One case was improved that Rt. elbow joint flexion was increased from $60^{\circ}$ to $150^{\circ}$, extension was increased from $20^{\circ}$ to $0^{\circ}$. The other case was improved that Lt. elbow joint flexion was increased from $90^{\circ}$ to $150^{\circ}$, extension was increased from $30^{\circ}$ to $0^{\circ}$, and both were decreased in VAS. The results suggest that bee venom intra-articular injection has acute pain reduction, anti-inflammation effect.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.182-189
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of this study is to confirm if the intra-articular herbal-acupuncture exactly inserted into the joints by using fluoroscopy. Methods : An Oriental Medicine doctor inserted needle for herbal-acupuncture into intra-articular joint of elbow, wrist, knee and ankle with fluoroscopy or without fluoroscopy. Results : Needle was exactly inserted into elbow, wrist, knee and ankle by using fluorosopy, but it was not exactly inserted into the same point of joints without fluorosopy. Conclusions : Without fluoroscopy, the needle for intra-articular herbal-acupuncture was not exactly inserted into the joints. Further study is needed about intra-articular herbal-acupuncture.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권7C호
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• pp.681-686
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• 2009

H.264/Ave에서 p-프레임 부호화에 추가된 인트라 예측은 화질과 비트율 모두를 다소 개선시키고 있으나, 계산량을 크게 증가시키고 있다. 계산량의 증가를 줄이기 위해 본 논문은 최적 인트라 블록 모드가 매크로 블록의 영상 내용에 의존하는 특성을 이용한 영상 내용 기반 인트라 예측 부호화를 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 영상 복잡도와 최적 인터 블록 모투로 매크로블록외 영상 내용을 평가하고, 영상 내용을 근거로 인트라 블록 모드를 선택하거나 배제한다. 모의실험 결과는 기존 알고리즘과 비교하여 제안된 알고리즘이 화질에서 평균 0.01 dB가 감소하교 비트휩l서 평균 0.38%가 증가하나, 부호화 계산 시간에서 평균 37.02% 의 큰 감소를 보여주고 있다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of muscle thickness (MT) measurements of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) in subjects with hallux valgus (HV), using ultrasonography performed at different inward pressures of approximately 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg, with no pressure control. Methods: Thirty-two subjects with HV were recruited. The thicknesses of both sides of the AbdH were measured randomly by two different examiners for assessment of the intra- and inter-rater reliability. The measurement values were analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). ICC (2,1) was used to determine the inter-rater reliability of MT measurements of the AbdH, while ICC (3,1) was used to assess the intra-rater reliability. Results: The results showed higher ICC values for intra-rater reliability compared to inter-rater reliability, and the value for inter-rater reliability with no pressure control (ICC=0.74 [95%CI=0.53-0.87]) was smaller compared to pressures of 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg. Other inward pressures for intra- and inter-rater reliability also showed excellent values (ICC=0.86-0.96). Conclusion: The findings showed that maintaining consistent inward pressure is essential for reliable results in measurement of the MT of the AbdH by different examiners in a clinical setting.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2001

저전송률 영상통신을 위한 H.263+에 포함된 Advanced Intra Coding(AIC) 모드는 인트라매크로블록 별로 DCT 계수의 예측을 위한 세가지 예측 방향 중 하나를 선택한 후, 선택된 예측 방향에 따라 DCT 계수 주사 방향과 양자화 방법, 그리고 VLC 테이블을 달리 적용한다. 이 방법을 비디오 압축에 적용하면 기존의 H.263 기본 부호화 방법에 비해 더 높은 압축율과 객관적 화질의 향상을 얻을 수 있다. 본 논문은 ITU-T의 H.263+에서 제안하는 Advanced Intra Coding 모드를 사용할 때 필요한 DCT 계수의 예측 방향 선택을 위한 간략화된 방법을 제안한다. 기존의 방법과 비교하여 부호화 성능이 비슷하면서, 계산량이 약 1/7로 간단하고 메모리도 절약할 수 있다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

Intra-industry trade (IIT) has played an important role in international trade of Vietnam as a result of rapid growth of the country. This article investigates the level of IIT between Vietnam and 11 trading partners in Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) over the period 2000-2014. Although there have been a large number of empirical researches contributed to the determinants of IIT, most of them only pay attention on developed countries where the trade flows are similar due to similar demand structure and production technology. Until now, there is no study on intra-industry trade between Vietnam and countries in TPP that Vietnam recently signed a trade agreement in early 2016. IIT is measured by the Grubel-Lloyd index. The index shows that the extent of intra-industry trade between Vietnam and the trading countries is not high due to the level of economic development and the market size. The determinants of IIT are examined using a panel regression model. In the empirical analysis, the results indicate that Vietnam's intra-industry trade is positively correlated with country size, while it is negatively correlated with income dissimilarity, the trade openness, and geographical distance. This study contributes to the new theoretical trade theory on the evidence of developing country's IIT.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2009년도 정보 및 제어 심포지움 논문집
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• pp.225-227
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• 2009

International standard specification, H.264/SVC improved from H.264/AVC, is set up so as to promote free use of huge multimedia data in various channel environments.;H.264/AVC is a international standard speicification for video compression, adopted and commercialized as standard for DMB broadcasting by JVT of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG. SVC standard uses 'intra/inter prediction' in AVC as well as 'inter-layer intra prediction', 'inter-layer motion prediction' and 'inter-layer residual prediction' to improve efficiency of encoding. Among prediction technologies, 'inter-layer intra prediction' is to use co-located block of up sampled sublevels as a prediction signal. At this time, application of interpolation is one of the most important factors to determine encoding efficiency. SVC's currently using poly-phase FIR filter of 4-tap and 2-tap respectively to luma components. This paper is written for the purpose of analyzing encoding performance according to the interpolation. For this purpose, we applied poly-phase FIR filter of '2-tap', '4-tap' and '6-tap' respectively to luma components and then measured bit-rate, PNSR and running time of interpolation filter. We're expecting that the analysis results of this paper will be utilized for effective application of interpolation filter. SVC standard uses 'intra/inter prediction' in AVC as well as 'inter-layer intra prediction', 'inter-layer motion prediction' and 'inter-layer residual prediction' to improve efficiency of encoding.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5057-5061
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to assess error rates with diagnosis using intra-operative frozen sections, and to indicate ways to increase overall performance. Over a period of two years, 227 cases were biopsied intra-operatively. Errors were observed in 14 cases. Four of these were sampling errors, one by a pathologist and three by surgeons. In seven cases incorrect interpretations were made. Epithelial dysplasia was observed on definitive histology in two cases which was not reported intra-operatively. One case was of ectopic thyroid. In cases of oral cancer where sentinel lymph nodes were sampled, immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin was performed to facilitate identification of micrometastasis. Only single case displayed tumor deposits which was not evident morphologically. Resection margins were reported in seventy eight cases. Some 18% (14/50) benefited from revision of margins; overall sensitivity of intra-operative frozen sections for marginal status was 71.4%, with a specificity of 90.3%. Overall sensitivity was 75% and specificity was 97.5%. Careful observation, pathologist experience and knowledge of limitations help in improving the overall diagnostic outcome.