• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.371-377
• /
• 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the polysomnography data between positional and non-positional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Methods: Forty-seven patients diagnosed with OSA were evaluated using full night polysomnography. According to the criteria of Cartwright et al., the patients were classified into two groups with 37 positional (supine apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] $\geq$ 2x's the lateral AHI) and 10 non-positional (supine AHI < 2x's the lateral AHI) OSA patients, and the differences of polysomnography data between the two groups were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic variables (age, gender, and BMI), daytime sleepiness, overall AHI, total arousal index, and percent time of snoring between two groups. However, AHI, arousal index, and mean oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$) of the REM sleep stage were significantly more severe in the positional OSA group than the non-positional OSA group. Mean $SpO_2$ and the lowest $SpO_2$ during overall sleep stage were also significantly lower in the positional OSA group than the non-positional OSA group. Conclusions: Our results of differences in the polysomnography data of REM sleep stage suggest that non-positional OSA patients may have higher collapsibility of the oropharyngeal airway during sleep than positional OSA patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 1998

Background: Lung cancer continues to increase worldwide. Also, the proportion of female patients incease and adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological type among lung cancer in many western countries. So, we studied these current trends of lung cancer by clinical approach of recent patients from our department Method: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 212 subjects who were diagnosed with lung cancer at the department of chest medicine in National Medical Center between January 1990 and July 1996. The contents of analysis were patient's profile, clinical manifestation, smoking habits, accuracy of diagnostic methods, histological cell type, staging and treatment, etc. Results: The results were as follows. 1) The ratio of male to female was 5.2 : 1. The peak incidence of age was 7th decade(35.4%). 2) Chief complaints were cough, dyspnea and chest pain, etc. The most common duration of symptoms before the first admission was less than 3 months(57.7%). On the other side, duration more than 1 year represented 6.5%. The early diagnosed patients has been increased from the 1980s. 3) Smokers among the total patients were 77.2%. The proportion of smokers in sqamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were 88.4%, 85.7% and 55.7%, respectively. Smoking history and histological cell type were correlated in squamous and small cell carcinoma. 4) Squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant histological type (44.8%), but, adenocarcinoma increased more than the previous study(30.7%). The other histological types were small cell carcinoma(17.0%) and large cell carcinoma(3.8%) in order of their proportions. 5) The accuracy of diagnostic methods were as follows: sputum cytology 75.3%, bronchoscopic biopsy 65.7%, lymph node aspiration cytology 95.8%, percutaneous lung aspiration cytology 94.6% and open lung biopsy 100%. The general accuracies of diagnostic methods were improved than previous studies. 6) Performance status scales on admission were relatively good. After diagnosis, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were undertaken in 69.3% of the patients, and only 7.5% of the patients were operated. Conclusion: In our study, squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant histological cell type, but, adenocarcinoma continues to increase. Because adenocarcinoma is less correlated with smoking habits, further evaluation of other carcinogens than smoking is requested. Screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer is important for good performance status scales in spite of advanced stages. But, we think that the prevention, for example, stop smokings is more important as because of no perfect treatment for lung cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 1983

Trend of foods and nutrients intake per person per day in Korea from 1970 to 1979, based on reports on national nutrition survey, was analyzed. The average rates of population, GNP and per capita national income were 1.7, 9.6 and 536.2%, respectively. The consumption of cereals, pulses and potatoes was decreased; whereas that of fresh vegdtables, fruits, meat, fresh fish and shells, eggs, milks, and fats and oils was increased. Calorie intake was remained essentially constant, but protein and fat intake was increased by 11.6% and 52.3%, respectively, in ten years. The main sources for calcium, iron and vitamin A were vegetables. Among various nutrients, intake of riboflavin and animal protein were less than RDA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.8
• /
• pp.1099-1106
• /
• 2011

Cucumber fermentation has been used as a means of preservation. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented cucumber beverage (CF) containing beneficial materials for an ethanol hangover based on Hovenia dulcis (SKM) on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: ethanol control, ethanol plus SKM, and ethanol plus CF+SKM. SKM or CF+SKM was orally administered at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 5 weeks. Control rats were given an equal amount of water. CF+SKM significantly lowered plasma ethanol levels, whereas SKM tended to decrease the levels compared to the control. Both SKM and CF+SKM significantly lowered the plasma acetaldehyde levels and serum transaminase activities compared to those in the control. SKM and CF+SKM did not affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity; however, it significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly higher in the SKM and CF+SKM groups than that in the control group. Plasma acetaldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2E1 (r=0.566, p<0.01) activity and ALDH (r=-0.564, p<0.01) activity. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as glutathione content increased with the SKM and CF+SKM administration, whereas lipid peroxide content decreased significantly. Furthermore, SKM and CF+SKM lowered plasma and hepatic lipid content and lipid droplets compared to those in the control group. These results indicate that SKM and CF+SKM exhibit hepatoprotective properties partly by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity, enhancing ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.279-287
• /
• 2016

NIFS conducted a feasibility study on the bay scallop Argopecten irradians aquaculture in the test site of Dongsanri, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do in June 2015. The transplantation for the test was also carried out in June. The average shell length was $5.79{\pm}0.6mm$ at the time, $15.83{\pm}0.8mm$ in July, $39.40{\pm}0.7mm$ in September, $55.72{\pm}5.8mm$ in November and $59.67{\pm}1.7mm$ in December. At the time of transplantation, the average shell height was $6.06{\pm}0.7mm$, and it grew to $16.40{\pm}0.9mm$ in July, $53.16{\pm}5.2mm$ in November and $55.80{\pm}2.9mm$ in December. Total weight was $0.78{\pm}0.5g$ in July but increased to $24.25{\pm}4.2g$ in November and $26.06{\pm}4.3g$ in December. The daily growth rate of shell length(DGR) was 0.33 mm / day in June, 0.43 mm / day in September and 0.13 mm / day in November. DGR of weight was 0.20 g / day in June, 0.27 g / day in September, 0.06 g / day in November. The relative growth of shell length and shell height was y = 0.9132x and $R^2=0.9923$. As a result, it was proved that bay scallop aquaculture is possible in Gangwon province, the northern part of the East Sea. This will definitely increase the income of fishermen by enabling them to culture more aquaculture species than the single large Patinopecten yessoensis in the region.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.34 no.5 s.106
• /
• pp.394-407
• /
• 2004

The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lower third molar on treatment time and distal en masse movement of the lower dentition in Giass III malocclusions. Thirty subjects (9 males and 27 females) were selected, all of whom were diagnosed as Glass III malocclusion and treated by fixed appliances without premolar and/or molar extraction. They were divided into three groups Group 1 consisted of 12 subjects. whose lower third molars were not extracted during the whole orthodontic treatment. Group 2 consisted of 8 subjects. whose lower third molars were extracted after WEAW application and before removal of the orthodontic appliances. Group 3 consisted of 10 subjects whose lower third molars were extracted before MEAW application. For each subject. overall treatment time and duration of MEAW application were determined. In addition. pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. All data were Processed statistically with ANOVA, and the conclusions were as follows: There was no significant difference among the groups in overall treatment time However, duration of MEAW application was longer in Group 2 than in Group 1 or Group 3. The overjet that was established after orthodontic treatment was largest in Group 3, in which the lower third molars were extracted befor MEAW application. After orthodontic treatment, IMPA decreased in Group 3. but increased in Group 1 and Group 2. There was no significant difference among the three groups in the translation of lower second molars However the tipping movement of lower second molars was significantly different, highest in Group 2 and lowest in Group 1 Therefore. it is thought to be better for the orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusions to extract the lower third molars before MEAW application. In Group 2, the mandibular plane angle was decreased as a result of forward rotation of the mandible This skeletal change was thought to bring about the difficulty of treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1225-1233
• /
• 1997

Background : Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis(CTL) is one of the most common extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Recently overall incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis has decreased, but the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis has not decreased. Its duration of treatment is still controversial and the pathogenesis, prognosis and relationship with other site tuberculous are poorly published. So we did a retrograde study of 120 cases of confirmed CTL about its clinical manifestations. Method : All patients were applied fine needle aspiration(FNA) of palpable enlarged cervical lymph nodes and 114 patients were examined for AFB smear and 34 patients for TB culture with aspirated fluid. 57 patients were examined Mantoux test(5TU with PPD-S). With above methods, a total of 120 patients was diagnosed as having CTL. Results : 1) CTL is most prevalent in young women between the age of 20~30 years and the incidence of CTL in female is 2.5 times higher than that of male. It is located most commonly in the posterior cervical area. The most common presenting symptom is painless palpable enlarged cervical lymph nodes. 2) With FNA of enlarged cervical lymph nodes, the percentage of histopathological positivity is 82.3%. The percentage of AFB smear positivity is 38.6%, and that of TB culture positivity is 17.6%(p<0.001). 3) Pulmonary tuberculosis is noted in 79 cases(65.8%). And 42 cases(53.5%) of them had minimal pulmonary tuberculosis. In 14 cases(11.7%), other extrapulmonary tuberculosis coexsisted and pleural tuberculosis was most Common in the order. 4) CTL was treated with anti-tuberculous medication(first line drug) and median treatment duration was 18.5months. During treatment, the size of involved lymph nodes decreased gradually in 62 cases(75.8%), newly developed lymph nodes were found in 25 cases(30.4%), fluctuation formation in 22 cases(26.8%) and fistula formation in 14 cases(17.0%). Conclusion : CTL is prevalent in women between the age of 20~40 years and it involves posterior cervical area most commonly. CTL is treated with long-term anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. We think it is one manifestation of systemic disease and frequently coexisting with pulmonary tuberculosis. Despite anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, the size of involved lymph nodes was increased, new lymph nodes were developed or fluctuation and fistula formed in involved lymph nodes. After sufficient medication, when the patient felt pressure discomfort from enlarged lymph node or fistula was formed, we recommended total excision of involved lymph nodes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 1991

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme which is essential for the differentiation of lymphoid cells, especially T-cells and ADA plays a role in the maturation of monocyte to macrophage. Therefore ADA levels are related to stimulation of cellular immunity. We have investigated the measurement of ADA activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the patients with active and inactive pulmonary tuberculosis and control group. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The ADA activity and corrected ADA activity from the BAL fluid in active tuberculosis group (Total Lavage ADA; $18.4{\pm}22.5\;mU$, Total Lavage ADA/Albumin; $2.45{\pm}1.61\;mU/mg$) were increased when compared with those in inactive tuberculosis (TL-ADA; $5.8{\pm}2.5\;mU$, TL-ADA/Alb; $1.83{\pm}O.53\;mU/mg$) and control (TL-ADA; $6.6{\pm}4.3\;mU$, TL-ADA/Alb; $1.62{\pm}0.60\;mU/mg$) groups. 2) The ADA activity and lavage ADA/serum ADA activity ratio in BAL fluid from the lesion site (TL-ADA; $42.9{\pm}42.3\;mU$, L-ADA/S-ADA; $0.53{\pm}0.32$) were increased when compared with those from the non-lesion site (TL-ADA; $12.5{\pm}11.2\;mU$, L-ADA/S-ADA; $0.29{\pm}0.12$)and normal side (TL-ADA; $12.7{\pm}11.0\;mU$, L-ADA/S-ADA; $0.34{\pm}0.27$) in active tuberculosis group. 3) The ADA activity in BAL fluid from far advanced group (TL-ADA; $62.5{\pm}30.3\;mU$) was increased when compared with those from the mild group (TL-ADA; $10.5{\pm}7.5\;mU$) and moderate advanced group (TL-ADA; $13.2{\pm}11.7\;mU$) in active tuberculosis. 4) The albumin level from the BAL fluid was correlated with the ADA activity (R=0.89). 5) The ADA activity recovered from the BAL fluid was correlated with the recovered lymphocyte percentage (R=0.60). In conclusion, the ADA activity from the BAL fluid in active tuberculosis group was increased when compared with that in inactive tuberculosis and control groups, especially from the lesion site. To evaluated the specificity of ADA determination for diagnosis of active tuberculosis, BAL must be done at lesion site of the diseased lung and the proper correcting material other than albumin must be chosen to correct the dilution factor of lavage fluid.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.555-565
• /
• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological stability of the zirconia/alumina composite abutment by histologic and radiographic examination in clinical cases. 17 partially edentulous patients (5 men and 12 women, mean age 47) were treated with 37 implants. The implants were placed following the standard two-stage protocol. After a healing period of 3 to 6 months, zirconia/alumina composite abutments were connected. All radiographs were taken using paralleling technique with individually fabricated impression bite block, following insertion of the prosthesis and at the 3-, 6-, 12 month re-examinations. After processing the obtained images, the osseous level was calculated using the digital image in the mesial and distal aspect in each implant. An ANOVA and t-test were used to test for difference between the baseline and 3-, 6-, 12 months re-examinations, and for difference between maxilla and mandible. Differences at P <0.05 were considered statistically significant. For histologic examination, sample was obtained from the palatal gingiva which implant functioned for 12 months. Sections were examined under a light microscope under various magnifications. Clinically, no abutment fracture or crack as well as periimplantitis was observed during the period of study. The mean bone level reduction(${\pm}standard$ deviation) was 0.34 rom(${\pm}\;0.26$) at 3-months, 0.4 2mm(${\pm}\;0.30$) at 6-months, 0.62 mm(${\pm}\;0.28$) at 12-months respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-months re-examinations (p > 0.05). The mean bone level reduction in maxilla was 0.33(${\pm}0.25$) at 3-months, 0.36(${\pm}0.33$) at 6-months, 0.56(${\pm}0.26$) at 12-months. And the mean bone level reduction in mandible was 0.35(${\pm}0.27$) at 3-months, 0,49(${\pm}0.27$) at 6-months, 0.68(${\pm}0.30$) at 12-months. No statistical difference in bone level reduction between implants placed in the maxilla and mandible. Histologically, the height of the junctional epithelium was about 2.09 mm. And the width was about 0.51 mm. Scattered fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and dense collagen network with few vascular structures characterized the portion of connective tissue. The inflammatory cell infiltration was observed just beneath the apical end of junctional epithelium and the area of direct in contact with zirconia/alumina abutment. These results suggest the zirconia/alumina composite abutment can be used in variable intraoral condition, in posterior segment as well as anterior segment without adverse effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.174-180
• /
• 2000

This work was carried out to investigate the effects of mashing proportion of meju(as wet weight basis of raw soybean) to 20% salt brine on the chemical compositions and sensory characteristics of kanjang. By increasing the salt brine proportion in the kanjang mash, total nitrogen, TCA soluble nitrogen and total free amino acid content in kanjang were decreased accordingly, but although pH values and organic acids content were not different noticeably, the major organic acids in kanjang, lactic acid, pyroglutamic acid and acetic acid were increased up to the mashing proportion of 1:2 from 1:1 and pH values decreased up to that of 1:2.5. Residual sugar content in 1:1 kanjang was exceptionally high. The major free amino acids in kanjang were glutamic acid, lysine, alanine and leucine. The acceptability scores of kanjang tested by sensory evaluation were decreased in inverse proportion to the salt brine proportion of kanjang mash, but those of kanjang samples with $1:1{\sim}1:2.5$ mashing proportions were not significantly different but that of 1:3 different from 1:1 statistically at 5% level. The major chemical compositions, significantly effective to the acceptability of kanjang, were found to be glutamic acid and free amino acid by statistical analysis.