• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.5
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• pp.555-563
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• 1997

The effects of pH on $K^+$ currents were investigated in single smooth muscle cells isolated from the thoracic aorta of Wistar-Kyoto rats. Whole-cell $K^+$ currents were recorded in the conventional configuration of the voltage-clamp technique. Pinacidil (10uM) activated the whole-cell current and the pinacidil-activated current was completely inhibited by glibenclamide (10uM) , an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel ($K_{ATP}$ channel). Pinacidil-activated current was reversed at near the $K^+$ equilibrium potential. This current was time- and voltage-independent and reduced by elevating intracellular ATP. Pinacidil-activated current was reduced by lowering the external pH. However, alteration of internal pH has controversial effects on pinacidil-activated current. When the single cell was dialyzed with 0.1 mM ATP, alteration of internal pH had no effect on pinacidil-activated $K^+$ current. In the contrast, when the single cell was dialyzed with 3 mM ATP, pinacidil-activated current was increased by lowering internal pH. Our results suggest that $K^+$ channel activated by pinacidil may be $K_{ATP}$ channel and internal $H^+$ may reduce the inhibitory effect of ATP on $K_{ATP}$ channel.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-98
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• 1994

According to the original documents, Sagungsan is considered as an effective drug for controlling the hypertensive epistaxis induced by tension of autonomic nerve and it's hyperfunction. The present experiment was designed to understand the effect of Sagungsan extract on the hemostatic action, intracranial pressure, blood pressure and cardiovascular system in experimental animals. And thus the bleeding time, prothrombin time, capillary dilation, blood pressure, Intracranial pressure, and enzymatic analysis of the ATPase activities were studied. The result obtained here were as followings: 1. Sagungsan water extract reduced the bleeding time in mouse, and prolonged the prothrombin time in rabbits. 2. The drug extract increased the tail volume by capillary dilation in rats. 3. The drug extract inhibited the increase of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure in rabbits. 4. At the early time, the increase of arterial blood pressure by the drug extract significantly inhibited by pretreated atropin and regitine in rabbits. 5. The drug extract relaxed the smooth muscle by stimulating the Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities of gastric sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit stomach. 6. The drug extract stimulated the heart contraction by inhibiting the $Mg^{2+}-Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ activities of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit heart. The inhibitory mechanism was reversible and noncompatitive. 7. The drug extract increased the hepatic blood volume by stimulating the hepatic total ATPase activities and hepatic metabolism. 8. The drug extract acted as a tranquilizer by inhibiting the neural Na+-K+-ATPase activity. According to the results, Sagungsan water extract dilated the capillaries, stimulated the heart beat, and thus increased the blood flow with decreasing the intracranial pressure and blood pressure. These effects stanches the epistaxis collectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.275-282
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of boiled pork powder (BPP) and hot water extract powder (HWEP) from 4 cuts of meat from Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc (LYD). The highest DPPH radical scavenging activities determined were from BPP of Boston butt (13.65 M TE) and HWEP of loin (19.40 M TE) and ham (21.45 M TE). The 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of BPP from shoulder ham (39.28 M TE) and ham (39.43 M TE) were higher than those of other meat cuts, while HWEP of ham exhibited the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity. A higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity was determined for BPP from ham (198.35 M TE) and in HWEP from loin (204.07 M TE), Boston butt (192.85 M TE), and ham (201.36 M TE). Carnosine content of BPP and HWEP from loin and were determined to be 106.68 and 117.77 mg/g on a dry basis, respectively. The anserine content of BPP (5.26 mg/g, dry basis) and HWEP (6.79 mg/g, dry basis) of shoulder ham exhibited the highest value as compared to the extracts from the other meat cuts. The viability of RAW 264.7 cells was increased with increasing HWEP from loin and ham treatment. In addition, the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was significantly reduced by HWEP from loin and ham, in a dose dependent manner. These results suggested that boiled pork and hot water extract of pork have antioxidative and cytokine inhibitory effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1589-1593
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• 2004

The aims of this study were to investigate the antioxidative and antitumor effects of crude polysaccharide fraction from Pleurtus eryngii (CPPE). CPPE inhibited autoxidation of linoleic acid at 1,000 $\mu$g/mL concentration, and the inhibitory rates of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome were 5.28, 9.40, and 32.5% at 10, 100, and 1,000 $\mu$g/mL concentrations, respectively. After treatment with CPPE for 72 hours, the inhibitory rates against MCF-7, A549 and AGS cell lines showed 42.3, 33.4 and 26.7% at concentration of 1,000 $\mu$g/mL, respectively. Results of CPPE treatment at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day for 7 days in sarcoma-180 bearing-mice showed survival rates of 70 and 90%, respectively. Body weights of mice treated with CPPE were significantly decreased when compared with the control.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.355-360
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• 2004

Residual contamination levels of natural microflora in strawberries were evaluated. Approximate counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria were 8, 2, and 3 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas those of Escherichia coli and yeasts/molds were under the detection limit (<10 cells/g). Growth inhibition degrees of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria were also evaluated based on three hurdles of preservative, storage temperature, and pH of strawberry paste prepared as model system. Strawberry paste was stored at low ($4^{\circ}C$), room ($20^{\circ}C$), and high ($37^{\circ}C$) temperatures. Potassium sorbate was added as a preservative up to 0.1%. Acidity of strawberry paste was adjusted to pH 4 or 7. During 7-day storage, inhibitory effects of the hurdles against bacterial groups were: storage temperature > pH of strawberry paste > addition of potassium sorbate. Combination of three hurdles most effectively inhibited growth of residual microflora.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.546-555
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• 2024

Aromadendrin is a phenolic compound with various biological effects such as anti-inflammatory properties. However, its protective effects against acute lung injury (ALI) remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the ameliorative effects of aromadendrin in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In vitro analysis revealed a notable increase in the levels of cytokine/chemokine formation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/toll-like receptor (TLR4) expression in LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B lung epithelial cell lines that was ameliorated by aromadendrin pretreatment. In LPS-induced ALI mice, the remarkable upregulation of immune cells and IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inducible nitric oxide synthase/cyclooxygenase-2/CD68 expression in lung was decreased by the oral administration of aromadendrin. Histological analysis revealed the presence of cells in the lungs of ALI mice, which was alleviated by aromadendrin. In addition, aromadendrin ameliorated lung edema. This in vivo effect of aromadendrin was accompanied by its inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NF-κB activation, MyD88/TLR4 expression, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Furthermore, aromadendrin increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1/ NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 in the lungs of ALI mice. In summary, the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that aromadendrin ameliorated endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation by suppressing cytokine formation and NF-κB activation, suggesting that aromadendrin could be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of ALI.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2008

Formation of ${\beta}$-amyloid $(A{\beta})$ fibrils has been identified as one of the major characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of $A{\beta}$ fibril formation in the CNS would be attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD. Several small compounds that inhibit amyloid formation or amyloid neurotoxicity in vitro have been known. Citrate has surfactant function effect because of its molecular structure having high anionic charge density, in addition to the well-known antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that citrate might have the inhibitory effect against $A{\beta}$ fibril formation in vitro and have the protective effect against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We examined the effect of citrate against the formation of $A{\beta}$ fibrils by measuring the intensity of fluorescence in thioflavin-T (Th-T) assay of between $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ groups treated with citrate and the control with $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ alone. The neuroprotective effect of citrate against $A{\beta}$-induced toxicity in PC12 cells was investigated using the WST-1 assay. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that citrate inhibited dose-dependently the formation of $A{\beta}$ fibrils from ${\beta}$-amyloid peptides. The inhibition percentages of $A{\beta}$ fibril formation by citrate (1, 2.5, and 5 mM) were 31%, 60%, and 68% at 7 days, respectively in thioflavin-T (Th-T) assay. WST-1 assay revealed that the toxic effect of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ was reduced, in a dose-dependent manner to citrate. The percentages of neuroprotection by citrate (1, 2.5, and 5 mM) against $A{\beta}-induced$ toxicity were 19%, 31 %, and 34%, respectively. We report that citrate inhibits the formation of $A{\beta}$ fibrils in vitro and has neuroprotective effect against $A{\beta}$-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Neuroprotective effects of citrate against $A{\beta}$ might be, to some extent, attributable to its inhibition of $A{\beta}$ fibril formation. Although the mechanism of anti-amyloidogenic activity is not clear, the possible mechanism is that citrate might have two effects, salting-in and surfactant effects. These results suggest that citrate could be of potential therapeutic value in Alzheimer's disease.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Litsea japonica fruit flesh extract (LJF-HE) on gastritis in an indomethacin-induced SD rat model. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: G1 (normal group), G2 (control group, indomethacin-induced gastritis), G3 (positive group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and ranitidine 50 mg/kg), G4 (LJF-HE-L group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 30 mg/kg), G5 (LJF-HE-M group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 60 mg/kg), G6 (LJF-HE-H group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 120 mg/kg). In the group treated with LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6), gastric mucosal damage, gastric juice secretion and pepsin activity were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Additionally, there were decreases in the expression of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK-2r), histamine receptor H2 (H2r) and H+/K+ ATPase in the gastric lesions. The plasma levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ significantly decreased in LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) treated groups compared with control. The plasma level of PGE2 was also significantly increased by LJF-HE (G5 and G6). These results suggest that LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) has the ability to inhibit on indomethacin-induced gastritis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the antimicrobial effect on the periodontal pathogens and anti-inflammatory effect of Eriobotryae folium. Eriobotryae folium are constituent herbs of Gagamgamroum, which has been used for a long time in oriental medicine as a herbal medicine for treating halitosis and toothache. Method: Eriobotryae folium was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with water. We investigated antimicrobial activity by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. We also investigated inhibition of $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ collagenase (mmp-1), stromelysin-1 (mmp-3), interleukin-6 gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts using RTPCR analysis. Result: The antimicrobial effects of Eriobotryae folium was evaluated with MIC against periodontopathogens; Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561, W50, A7A1-28, 9-14K-1, Prevotella intermedia 28, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4. MICs of Eriobotryae folium were 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 0.625 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. The anti-inflammatory effect of Eriobotryae folium was evaluated with influence of herbs on the $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ expression of mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6. $IL-1{\beta}$ increased mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6 mRNA levels. Eriobotryae folium significantly inhibited $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6 gene expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggested that Eriobotryae folium might reduce the excessive proteolytic capacity of the gingival fibroblast during inflammation and could be developed as a new drug for periodontitis.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1997

An extracellular proteinase of Candida albicans was purified by a combination of 0~75% ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-200 HR molecular sieve chromatography. Its mlecular weight was approximately 41 kDa on SDS-PAGE and isoelectric point was 4.4. The enzyme was inhibited by pepstain A. Optimum enzyme activity ranged from pH 2.0 to 3.5 with its maximum at pH 2.5 and a temperature of 45$^{\circ}C$. The addition of divalent cations, $Ca^{2+}$, Zn$^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, resulted in no significant inhibition of enzymatic activity. However, some inhibitory effects were observed by Fe$^{2+}$, Ag$^{2+}$ and Cu$^{2+}$. With BSA as substrate, an apparent $K_m$ was determined to be 7$\times$10$^{-7}$ M and $K_i$, using pepstatin A as an inhibitor, was 8.05$\times$10$^{-8}$ M. N-terminal amino acid sequence was QAVPVTLXNEQ. Degradation of BSA and fibronectin was shown but not collagen, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin G, or lysozyme. The enzyme preferred peptides with Glu and Leu at the P$_1$ position, but the enzyme activity was highly reduced when the P$_2$ position was phe or pro. This enzyme showed antigenicity against sera of patients with candidiasis.