• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2015

This study was undertaken to characterize feed value and silage quality according to storage period and film layers for whole-crop barley silage. The crude protein (CP) content increased in all silage during the storage periods compared to those before silage, this content slightly increased over the prolonged storage period but it was not significant (p>0.05). Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents also increased in all silage during storage periods compared to those before silage (P<0.05), but they were maintained at similar levels during the storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased in all silage during the storage periods. However, it was maintained at a similar level for the duration of each storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. The pH value was decreased during the prolonged storage period and depending on the film layers, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. In the organic acid contents during the prolonged storage period, lactic acid increased, acetic acid was lower, and butyric acid was significantly higher (p<0.05). Depending on the film layers, 6 layers showed higher levels of lactic acid and lower levels of butyric acid (p<0.05). Therefore, these results showed that 6 layer wrapping was advantageous for long term storage of whole crop barley silage, while also indicating that it is desirable to use 4 layer wrapping within a six month period.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the efficiency of biopsy methods, and the pregnancy rate, calving and abortion rates, gestation length and birth weight of Hanwoo calves following transfer of fresh, frozen and sexed Hanwoo embryos produced in vitro. The survivability of biopsied embryos was 80.0 and 90.0% using aspiration and punching methods at 24 h after culturing, respectively. The ratios of male and female embryos were 42.1 and 52.6%, respectively, and the percentage of sex unidentified was 5.3%. Pregnancy rates was not significantly different between hCG and control group (46.4 vs. 38.5%), fresh and frozen embryos (41.3 vs. 35.0%), and sexed and IVP embryos (27.5 vs. 41.2%) (p>0.05). Calving and abortion rates of IVP and sexed embryos were not significantly different in calving (85.0 vs. 87.0%) and in abortion (15.2 vs. 13.3%) (p<0.05). Gestation length of IVP and sexed calves were 281.3 and 288.2 days in female and 283.0 and 282.3 days in male, and the birth weight of IVP and sexed calves were 23.6 and 25.0 kg in female and 24.6 and 23.8 kg in male, respectively. There were no difference in gestation length and birth weight between IVP embryos and sexed embryos (p>0.05). Administration of hCG to recipients did not improve the pregnancy rate following transfer of Hanwoo embryos produced in vitro and sexed embryos. Although the production of calves derived from sexed Hanweoo embryos cultured in vitro can be obtained, the efficiency of sexed calves production need to be improved in biopsy methods and pregnancy rate. Further study should be focused on the improvement of pregnancy rates for commercial application of embryo transfer.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pH adjustment and addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) on quality characteristics of pork leg surimi. The pork leg surimi was manufactured with one of following pH 3.0 or pH 11.0 adjustment and contained 2% NaCl or not; C (Alaska pollack surimi, two times washing, 0% NaCl), T1 (pork leg surimi pH 3.0 adjustment, 0% NaCl), T2 (pork leg surimi, pH 3.0 adjustment, 2% NaCl), T3 (pork leg surimi, pH 11.0 adjustment 0% NaCl), T4 (pork leg surimi, pH 11.0 adjustment, 2% NaCl). The $L^*$ and W values was increased with increasing of pH value, but the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values lower. The W values were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl, but $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were lower. In textural properties, the cohesiveness was increased with increasing of pH value, however with the exception of springiness all traits were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl. The breaking force and gel strength was increased with increasing of pH value. The breaking force, gel strength and breaking force u deformation were higher as addition of NaCl, but shear force lower. In sensory evaluation, the tenderness was increased with increasing of pH value and all traits of sensory evaluation also were higher (p<0.05) as addition of NaCl. There were no differences in interaction of pH adjustment and without or with NaCl on color, textural properties, breaking force, deformation, gel strength, shear force and sensory evaluation of pork leg surimi. The color, textural and physical characteristics and sensory evaluation ot T2 and T4 were similar to treatment C. Therefore, the pH 11.0 and 2% NaCl addition on process of manufacture of pork leg surimi would be recommended.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was peformed to determine the reference values of blood lead, manganese, aluminium, and silicon in healthy adults. Methods : The subjects were 132 (67 male and 65 female), and classified to three age groups $(\leq39,\;40\sim49,\;and\;50\leq)$. Blood lead, manganese and aluminium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and blood silicon was analyzed by direct current plasma optical emission spectrometer. Results : Blood lead levels(geometric mean, S.D) were (3.49, 1.70) ${\mu}g/dL$ in male and (3.04, 1.65) ${\mu}g/dL$ in female, but the difference is not significant, and there was no significant difference between age groups. Mean blood manganese level was $0.99{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$, and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood aluminium level was $0.59{\pm}0.35{\mu}g/dL$, and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood silicon level was $54.41{\pm}27.64{\mu}g/dL$ in male and $43.34{\pm}23.51{\mu}g/dL$ in female, and the level in male was significantly higher than that in female (p<0.05). There was significant difference between age groups, and the oldest showed the highest level in male (p<0.05), but no significant difference between age groups in female. Conclusions : Authors hope that this study would provide basic data for determining reference values and evaluating health effects.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.556-562
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• 2009

Skin tumors and mammary gland tumors have been shown to be the most common neoplasia in most of the strains of dogs. The risk for tumor development increases significantly with age and the prevalence and distribution are various according to individual tumors. The aim of this study is to classify histopathologically the skin and mammary gland tumors for recent two years, 2005 and 2006. A total of 128 skin and 240 mammary gland samples of dogs were selected that were submitted to National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service and Kangwon National University from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2006. The excised tissue were fixed in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin and processed routinely to paraffin wax. Sections were cut at $3{\mu}m$, stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The slides were examined based on the morphological criteria of M. H. Goldschmidt and W. Misdorp under a light microscope. The age of the dogs ranged from 1 to 19 years with a median of 8.7 years. The mean age of the skin and mammary gland tumors was 7.4 and 9.3 years. 47 (12.8%) were males and 259 (70.4%) were female with a male to female ratio of 0.18. Yorkshire terrier and maltese were more susceptible breeds, accounting for 44.3% of skin and mammary gland tumors. In skin tumors, epithelial, adnexal, and mesenchymal origin tumors were 18 (14.1%), 53 (41.4%), and 57 cases (44.5%), repectively. Among the epithelial, adenexal, and mesenchymal origin tumors, basal cell tumor (8.6%), sebaceous adenoma (15.6%), and histiocytoma (25.0%) were predominant in the incidence rate, respectively. In case of mammary gland tumors, 201 (83.8%) were benign and 39 (16.3%) were malignant with a benign to malignant ratio of 5.15. The most frequent mammary gland tumor was benign mixed tumor (35.0%) followed by mammary adenoma-complex type (31.7%).

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2009

Purpose: We have evaluated characteristics of adrenal masses incidentally observed in nonenhanced F-18 FDG PET/CT of the oncologic patients and the diagnostic ability of F-18 FDG PET/CT to differentiate malignant from benign adrenal masses. Materials and Methods: Between Mar 2005 and Aug 2008, 75 oncologic patients (46 men, 29 women; mean age, $60.8{\pm}10.2$ years; range, 35-87 years) with 89 adrenal masses incidentally found in PET/CT were enrolled in this study. For quantitative analysis, size (cm), Hounsfield unit (HU), maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVratio of all 89 adrenal masses were measured. SUVmax of the adrenal mass divided by SUVliver, which is SUVmax of the segment 8, was defined as SUVratio. The final diagnosis of adrenal masses was based on pathologic confirmation, radiologic evaluation (HU<0 : benign), and clinical decision. Results: Size, HU, SUVmax, and SUVratio were all significantly different between benign and malignant adrenal masses.(P < 0.05) And, SUVratio was the most accurate parameter. A cut-off value of 1.0 for SUVratio provided 90.9% sensitivity and 75.6% specificity. In small adrenal masses (1.5 cm or less), only SUVratio had statistically significant difference between benign and malignant adrenal masses. Similarly a cut-off value of 1.0 for SUVratio provided 80.0% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity. Conclusion: F-18 FDG PET/CT can offer more accurate information with quantitative analysis in differentiating malignant from benign adrenal masses incidentally observed in oncologic patients, compared to nonenhanced CT.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2010

Soybean sprouts produced at optimal temperature are placed or displayed for several days in market shelf of relatively cool temperature (ca. $13^{\circ}C$). During this period a number of changes occur including changes in color, smell, taste, nutritional quality, etc. In order to investigate the changes of these factors, soybean sprouts packed in plastic film bag (OPP+PE) were stored at the two different temperature ($3^{\circ}C$ and $13^{\circ}C$). Morphological characters, physicochemical changes and enzymes activity related to visible quality (color) of soybean sprouts were examined. The numbers of fine roots were greater and hypocotyls were longer in soybean sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, although there was no significant difference in diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of hypocotyls between the two storage temperatures. Browning of hypocotyl, as an indicator of a typical deterioration in sprout quality, was highly dependent on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Considering the low level of soluble protein in hypocotyls, the relatively higher activity of PPO suggested a critical role of PPO in stored soybean sprouts. PPO activity of sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$ was 2-fold higher than that of sprouts stored at $3^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. In sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, the PPO activity was increased from day 0 until 6 days and since then, it was not detected. Crude protein content was increased to 30.9~35.4% based on dry weight with extended storage period. The change in crude protein was greater in sprouts stored at high temperature ($13^{\circ}C$). Total free amino acid content was increased in both temperatures. However, the changing rate of free amino acid was greater in sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2009

To intensively analyze and examine the changes in palatability of cooked rice and structural properties of rice grains influenced by increased nitrogen topdressing during the panicle formation and ripening stage, a series of experiments were carried out using three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting rice quality characteristics. The protein content of brown rice increased maximally up to $35{\sim}47%$ of that in standard N6 plot with the increase in nitrogen topdressing fertilizer during 20 days before heading to 10 days after flowering. The high-yielding rice cultivars showing poor palatability of cooked rice revealed larger increase in protein content of rice grains by increased nitrogen topdressing. Under the same nitrogen level of 15 kg per 10a with nitrogen topdressing at 3 kg/10a, high-yielding rice cultivars, Yumehikari and Reihou showed the significant increase in protein content of brown rice when topdressing was applied at 10 days after flowering as compared with when it was applied at 30 days after transplanting. Although the variation in amylose content of milled rice as affected by nitrogen topdressing level was relatively small, it decreased within 1% with the opposite tendency against increased protein content of brown rice by increased nitrogen topdressing. The total score of sensory evaluation was higher in the order of Hinohikari < Yumehikari < Reihou in panel test. It decreased significantly by increased amounts of nitrogen topdressing during 20 days before heading to 10 days after flowering when nitrogen level was higher than 12 kg/10a. The more poor palatable rice cultivar in panel test revealed the larger decreasing in total score of sensory evaluation by higher nitrogen topdressing rates. All sensory evaluation components were largely affected by the change in protein content of brown rice rather than amylose content of milled rice. The influence of protein content to palatability of cooked rice was larger in poor-palatable rice than in high-palatable rice. The protein content decreased drastically from outer layer to inner layer of rice grains, while the amylose content increased on the contrary. The high-palatable rice exhibited higher distribution of protein content on bran layer but lower distribution of protein content on the layer of polished rice as compared with the poor-palatable rice. Especially, the high-palatable rice showed also significantly lower distribution of amylose content on the outer layer of polished rice as compared with the poor-palatable rice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding colored barley (CB) and whole crop barley (WCB) on performance, egg quality and blood composition of laying hens. A total of 280, 35 weeks old Brown Nick laying hens were allocated into the individual cage for the period of four weeks. Experimental diets contained 2,750 kcal/kg ME and 16% CP, respectively. The treatments consisted of 5, 10, 15% CB and WCB as feed ingredients with control and there were five replications in each treatment. Higher egg production was noticed at 10% level of CB and 5% level of WCB in the diets, respectively. Feed intake was higher in WCB and CB treatments compared to those of the control (P<0.05), but the feed conversion was not different. Yolk color tended to increase both in WCB and CB groups. Haugh unit seemed to increase WCB treatments. When the CB and WCB were fed at 15% level, blood total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were decreased than that of the control birds, but total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol tended to be higher with the increasing level of WCB. As results, no significant differences were observed in performance and egg quality with different levels of dietary WCB and CB. Thus, CB and WCB can be substituted as a feed ingredient up to 15% level in the laying hens' diet. However, further studies are required by feeding more than 15% levels of CB and WCB in the diet of laying hens.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2020

This study evalutated the risk of foodborne illness from Vibrio spp. (Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae) through sea squirt consumption. The prevalence of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in sea squirt was evaluated, and the predictive models to describe the kinetic behavior of the Vibrio in sea squirt were developed. Distribution temperatures and times were collected, and they were fitted to probabilistic distributions to determine the appropriate distributions. The raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016 were used to estimate the consumption rates and amount of sea squirt. In the hazard characterization, the Beta-Poisson model for V. vulnificus and V. cholerae infection was used. With the collected data, a simulation model was prepared and it was run with @RISK to estimate probabilities of foodborne illness by pathogenic Vibrio spp. through sea squirt consumption. Among 101 sea squirt samples, there were no V. vulnificus positive samples, but V. cholerae was detected in one sample. The developed predictive models described the fates of Vibrio spp. in sea squirt during distribution and storage, appropriately shown as 0.815-0.907 of R² and 0.28 of RMSE. The consumption rate of sea squirt was 0.26%, and the daily consumption amount was 68.84 g per person. The Beta-Poisson model [P=1-(1+Dose/β)^-α] was selected as a dose-response model. With these data, a simulation model was developed, and the risks of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae foodborne illness from sea squirt consumption were 2.66×10^-15, and 1.02×10^-12, respectively. These results suggest that the risk of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in sea squirt could be considered low in Korea.