• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.92-103
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• 2009

Objectives : The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Humulus japonicus MeOH extracts (HJE) in vivo. Methods : The effects of HJE on anti-inflammation were measured by production of NO, iNOS (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase), COX-2, I$\kappa$B$\alpha$ (Inhibitor kappa B alpha), NF$\kappa$B (Nuclear Factor kappa B), TNF-$\alpha$ (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) and IL-1$\beta$ (Interleukin-1$\beta$), IL-6 in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Results : 1. All concentrations of HJE(0.03 and 0.10 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell during the entire experimental period. 2. The level of NO and iNOS in culture medium was dramatically increased by LPS application. However, these increases were dose-dependently(0.03 and 0.10 mg/ml) attenuated by treatment with HJE. 3. HJE extract reduced PGE2 levels in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 4. 0.10 mg/ml HJE significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of I$\kappa$B$\alpha$ indicating the suppression of NF-$\kappa$B pathway in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 5. 0.10 mg/ml HJE significantly inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$ in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 6. All concentrations of HJE significantly inhibited the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of HJE on heat syndrome, especially due to the acute inflammation, are partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of p-I$\kappa$B$\alpha$. Moreover, it suggests that the mechanism of action of HJE comes from the suppression of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE$_2$ and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

Objectives : Scrophulariae Radix (SRE) is commonly used in combination with other herbs as a nutrient and health strengthening agent, and to remove 'heat' and replenish vital essence. The water-based extract of this herb can lower blood pressure in both anesthetized and concious animals, and exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity. But, there is lack of studies regarding the effects of SRE on the immunological activities in molecular levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SRE on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells. Method : After the treatment of Scrophulariae Radix methanol extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results : Results provided evidence that SRE inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), $interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}\;(p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion : These findings suggest that Scrophulariae Radix can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may playa role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.37-59
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• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe the favorable anti arthritic effects of Euiiin-tang($y{\grave{i}}y{\breve{i}}r{\acute{e}}n-t{\bar{a}}ng$) aqueous extract(EIITe), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating rheumatoid arthritis on collagen induced arthritic(CIA) DBA/1 mice. Methods : In the present study, effects of EIITe on the releases of human tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-13 and production of Nitric oxide(NO) were observed by in vitro. In addition, to observe the effects on the CIA mice, three different dosages of EIITe, 300, 150 and 150 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 18 days from 24hrs after antigen challenges(type II collagen) on 21 days after immunization using Type II collagen Freund's complete adjuvant. Six groups, each of 8 DBA/1 mice per group were used in the present study as follows. Changes on the body weights, macroscopic arthritis scores, splenic weights, splenic TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 contents, articular cartilage(femur and tibia) collagen and glycosaminoglycans-chondroitin sulphate, sulphate and hyaluronic acid contents, histopathological observations(microscopic arthritis scores, thicknesses of femur and tibia cartilage thicknesses were monitored, compared to that of dexamethasone, a potent anti inflammatory agents, 1 mg/kg treated mice. Results : As results of collagen challenges, marked decreases of body weights and gains, articular cartilage collagen and glycosaminoglycan - chondroitin sulphate, sulphate and hyaluronic acid contents were observed with increases of macroscopic arthritis scores, splenic weights, splenic TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 contents, articular cartilage(in the both femur and tibia) loss and damages. However, these CIA signs were significantly and dosages dependently inhibited by treatment of EIITe 300 and 150 mg/kg as compared with CIA control, respectively. In addition, the releases of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, NO and MMP-13 were markedly and dose dependently inhibited by treatment of EIITe, invitro. Although CIA were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 1 mg/kg as compared with EIITe 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 1 mg/kg treated mice. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 150 mg/kg of EIITe showed favorable anti arthritic effects on the CIA mediated by immunomodulatory and/or anti oxidative effects. However, detail mechanism studies should be conduced in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in this herb. lthough CIA were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 1 mg/kg as compared with EIITe 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 1 mg/kg treated mice, in the present study.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2016

치주질환은 치아주위 조직에 발현된 염증성 질환이다. 전염증성 사이토카인인 $TNF-{\alpha}$는 국소적인 염증이나 전반적인 염증과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국인에서 TNF 유전자 다형성과 전반적 급진성 치주염 간의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 실험군이 60명, 대조군이 81명 이었다. 협측에서 DNA를 채취하여 각 제한효소를 이용한 PCR-RFLP에 의해 $TNF-{\alpha}-308$과 -238을 측정하였다. 급진성 치주염 환자에서 $TNF-{\alpha}-308$ 유전자형은 A/A 3.2%, A/G 38.7% 그리고 G/G 82.35%가 나타났으며 대조군에서는 각 9.1%, 45.5%, 45.5%로 유의한 차이를 보이는 결과이다. $TNF-{\alpha}-238$의 대립유전자 2의 빈도는 실험군에서 67.6%, 대조군에서 72.2%로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과에 따르면 $TNF-{\alpha}-308$과 -238의 유전자다변성은 한국인의 급진성치주염과 연관이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (Rosaceae) is a deciduous tree and is distributed in China, Korea and Japan. In previous studies on the fruits of C. sinensis, some triterpenoid compouds such as oleanolic acid, tormentic acid were reported. In an ongoing investigation into biologically active compounds from natural products, the methanol extract of the stems of C. sinensis was investigated. By means of the repeated column chromatography using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, LiChroprep RP-18, betulin (1), tormentic acid (2), 1-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene (3), lyoniresinol-2a-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) were isolated. The chemical structures of compounds 1-4 were determined by the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D NMR. For the isolated compounds (1-4), the inhibitory activity of IL-6 production in TNF-${\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cell was examined. Among the isolates, betulin (1), 1-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene (3), lyoniresinol-2a-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) showed inhibitory effects on IL-6 production in TNF-${\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cell.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1127-1134
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• 2007

The study was designed to investigate the mechanism of Patholoobi Caulis freeze dried powder (PCF) on the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in normal rats and cytokines production ($IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}$) in cerebral ischemic rats. The results in normal rats were as follows ; Increase of PCF-induced rCBF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with methylene blue (10 ${\mu}g/kg$, I.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and was inhibited by indomethacin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. Increase of PCF-induced MABP was decreased by pretreatment with methylene blue, but was increased by indomethacin. These results suggested that the mechanism of action PCF was mediated by cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate. The results in cerebral ischemic rats were as follows ; In cytokine production in serum from femoral arterial blood 1 hr after middle cerebral arterial occlusion, PCF (10 mg/kg. i.p.) significantly decreased $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, and increased IL-10 production compared with control group. In cytokine production in serum from femoral arterial blood 1 hr 1 hr after reperfusion, PCF (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased $IL-1{\beta}$ production, and incresed IL-10 production compared with control group. These results suggested that PCF was significantly and stably increased regional cerebral blood flow by inhibiting $IL-1{\beta}$ production, and by accelerating IL-10 production.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.398-404
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• 2013

During a screening program to search the anticolitic herbal medicines, 80% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (AA) was found to potently inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-1${\beta}$, as well as the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ in LPS-stimulated colonic macrophages, followed by that of the rhizome of C. chinensis (CC). AA also potently inhibited TNBS-induced colitic markers, shortening of the colon and increase of macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, and IL-6, in mice. The synergistic effect of CC against the anticolitic effect of AA was investigated. CC synergistically inhibited the anticolitic effect of AA. AC-mix (AA+CC, 1:1) potently inhibited them. AC-mix also inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, as well as the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2. The effects of AC-mix against oxazolone-induced colitis were investigated in mice. AC-mix also potently inhibited oxazolone-induced inflammatory markers, colon shortening, macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the anti-colitic effect of AC-mix was superior to that of mesalazine. Based on these findings, AC-mix may improve colitis by inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.907-916
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• 2012

Burkholderia cepacia is an important pathogen that often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Here, it was demonstrated that the TLR5 agonist flagellin could locally activate innate immunity. This was characterized by rapid expressions of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and iNOS mRNA and a delay in the expression of IL-10 mRNA. A significant elevation in the IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and nitric oxide levels was also noted. In the respiratory tract, flagellin induced neutrophil infiltration into the airways, which was observed by histopathological examination and confirmed by the neutrophil count and level of myeloperoxidase activity. This was concomitant with a high activity of alveolar macrophages that engulfed and killed B. cepacia in vitro. The flagellin mucosal treatment improved the B. cepacia clearance in the mouse lung. Thus, the present findings illustrate the profound stimulatory effect of flagellin on the lung mucosal innate immunity, a response that needs to be exploited therapeutically to prevent the development of respiratory tract infection by B. cepacia.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.118-129
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• 2006

두드러기는 가려움으로 인해 발생되는 피부상의 상해질환으로써 나이에 관계없이 높은 발병률을 가지고 있다. 한방에서는 만성두드러기의 원인 중 하나로 비위(脾胃)의 습열(濕熱)을 말한다. 소갈탕(升葛湯)은 보비익기(補脾益氣)의 효능을 가지고 있어 비위(脾胃)의 습열(濕熱)을 없애는데 사용되어 왔다. 최근 연구에 의하면 소갈탕(升葛湯)은 재발성 홍반성 두드러기를 효과적으로 억제하는 효능이 있다고 밝혀졌으나 소갈탕(升葛湯)의 항염증효과에 대한 메커니즘은 명백하지 않은바 이에 우리는 BV2세포에 있어서 NO농도, iNOS의 발현정도, $PGE_2$의 생산, 세포생존도, COx-2, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-12, $TNF-{\alpha}$의 발현을 조사하였다. 그 결과 소갈탕(升葛湯)은 NO, $PGE_2$의 생산을 현저하게 억제하며 iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-12, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 역시 감소하였고 세포생존도에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상(以上)을 살펴볼 때 소갈탕(升葛湯은 항염증 효과를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2006

Numerous investigators have studied various activities of natural products and have found that they have not only nutritional effects, but also beneficial properties to cure various diseases and to maintain good health. Job's Tear(Yul-Moo) is a grass crop that has long been used in traditional medicine and as a nourishing food. Although its mechanism of action remains unclear, Job's Tear has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, stomachic, anti-allergic, and anti-spastic effects and has been used in China for the treatment of warts, rheumatism, and neuralgia. Previous results in our laboratory demonstrated that the ethanol extract and the water extract of Job's Tear exerted an immune regulatory function on mice cells in vitro. The present study was performed to investigate the ex vivo effect of Job's Tear on immune function. Seven to eight weeks old mice(Balb/c) were fed chow diet ad libitum and water extract of Job's Tear was administered orally every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations(50 and 500mg/kg B.W.). Splenocytes proliferation with mitogen stimulation with Con A and LPS was enhanced at 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear compared to those of the control group. The results of this ex vivo study showed that proliferation of splenocytes and macrophage activation were seen in the mice orally administrated 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear water extracts. In conclusion, this study suggests that Job's Tear extracts may enhance immune function by regulating splenocyte proliferation and the cytokine prodution capacity of activated macrophages in mice.