• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.193-206
• /
• 2017

In this paper, we propose a rate control method based on the $R-{\lambda}$ model that supports a parallel encoding structure in GOP levels or IDR period levels for 4K UHD input video in real-time. For this, a slice-level bit allocation method is proposed for parallel encoding instead of sequential encoding. When a rate control algorithm is applied in the GOP level or IDR period level parallelism, the information of how many bits are consumed cannot be shared among the frames belonging to a same frame level except the lowest frame level of the hierarchical B structure. Therefore, it is impossible to manage the bit budget with the existing bit allocation method. In order to solve this problem, we improve the bit allocation procedure of the conventional ones that allocate target bits sequentially according to the encoding order. That is, the proposed bit allocation strategy is to assign the target bits in GOPs first, then to distribute the assigned target bits from the lowest depth level to the highest depth level of the HEVC hierarchical B structure within each GOP. In addition, we proposed a processing method that is used to improve subjective image qualities by allocating the bits according to the coding complexities of the frames. Experimental results show that the proposed bit allocation method works well for frame-level parallel HEVC software encoders and it is confirmed that the performance of our rate controller can be improved with a more elaborate bit allocation strategy by using the preprocessing results.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.51 no.5
• /
• pp.409-415
• /
• 2001

Background : Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) in patients is mainly caused by acquired drug resistance. However, a small proportion of MDR-TB is caused by initial drug resistance(IDR), which may be somewhat different from acquired drug resistance. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of IDR in MDR -TB patients to use the results as basic data in managing the disease. Methods : A retrospective study of 30 IDR cases in MDR-TB patients from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1998 was performed. In order to analyze the clinical characteristics, the age, sex, family history, duration of negative conversion, number of resistant drugs, treatment regimens, duration of treatment, extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray was examined. In order to analyze the level of improvement, the extent of the disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray, tested by Wilcoxon signed rank sum test, and the disease free interval rate of 1-year and 4-year was examined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results : The mean age of the patients was 46.6 years and the sex ratio 1:1. Six(20%) patients had a family history. The mean negative conversion of the sputum AFB stain was 2.6 months. The number of resistant drugs was 7.6 and the number of used drugs 3.6. Twenty-three(67%) patients were treated for less than 12months and 28(93%) patients were treated with first-line drugs. The extent of the disease and the cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improved after treatment(p<.05). Among 13 patients who were followed up for 22.6 months, 2(15%) patients relapsed and the disease free interval rate of I-year and 4-year was 85%. Conclusion: It is recommended that the duration of treatment of IDR in MDR-TB with first-line drugs be 9-12 months even if the extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improves.

• Journal of Legislation Research
• /
• no.44
• /
• pp.343-386
• /
• 2013

"Financial ADR" system in South Korea can be represented by so-called "Financial Dispute Resolution System", in which Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) and Financial Dispute Resolution Committee are the principal actors in operation of the system, and this is discussed as an "Administrative Financial ADR System". The system has over 10-year history since it was introduced in around 1999. Nonetheless, it was not until when financial consumer protection began to be highlighted after the 2008 financial crisis that Financial ADR system actually started to draw attention in Korea. This was because interest has been rising in "Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)" as an institutional measure to protect financial consumers damaged via financial transactions. However, the current discussion on the domestic Financial ADR system shows an aspect that it is confined to who is to be a principal actor for the operation of Financial ADR institution with main regards to reorganization of supervisory system. This article aims to embody these facts in an institutional model by recognizing them as a problem and analyzing the features of the Financial ADR system, thereby clarifying problems of the system and presenting the direction of improvement. The Korean Financial ADR system can be judged as "administrative model integrated model consensual model quasi-judicial model non-prepositive Internal Dispute Resolution (IDR) model". However, at the same time, it is confronted with a task to overcome the two problems; the system is not equipped with institutional basis for securing its validity in spite of the adopted quasi-judicial effect model; and a burden of operating an integrated ADR system is considerable. From this perspective, the article suggests improvement plans for security of validity in the current system and for expansion of industry-control ADR system, in particular, a system of prepositive IDR model. Amongst them, it suggests further plans for securing the validity of the system as follows; promotion to expand the number of internal persons and to differentiate mediation procedures and effect; a plan to keep a financial institution from filing a lawsuit before an agreement recommendation or a mediation proposal is advised; and a plan to grant suspension of extinctive prescription as well as that of procedures of the lawsuit.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.71-84
• /
• 2017

The paper discusses the nature of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) and shows how these can support digital library users. It demonstrates processes related to integration of KOS like the Dewey Decimal Classification, $22^{nd}$ edition (DDC22) in DSpace software (http://www.dspace.org/) for organizing and retrieving (browsing and searching) scholarly objects. An attempt has been made to use the DDC22 available in Bengali language and highlights the required mechanisms for system-level integration. It may help a repository administrator to build an IDR (Institutional Digital Repository) integrated with SKOS-enabled multilingual subject access systems for supporting subject descriptors based indexing (DC.Subject metadata element), structured navigation (browsing) and efficient searching.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
• /
• 2007.04a
• /
• pp.409-412
• /
• 2007

본 논문에서는 근사 이산-시간 모델 기반 지능형 디지털 재설계 기법의 타당성에 대해서 논의한다. 타당성을 검증하기 위해 재설계된 디지털 제어 퍼지 시스템의 안정도 및 상태-정합에 특성이 분석된다. 구체적으로 근사 이산-시간 모델들의 상태 사이의 비정합의 크기가 충분히 작으면 재설계된 디지털 제어 퍼지 시스템의 평형점은 점근적 안정함을 보인다. 또한 이러한 비정합이 영으로 수렴함에 따라 재설계된 디지털 제어 퍼지 시스템과 주어진 아날로그 제어시스템 사이의 비정합은 매우 작아짐을 보인다.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.41 no.10
• /
• pp.889-899
• /
• 2018

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are highly unorthodox proteins that do not form three-dimensional structures under physiological conditions. The discovery of IDPs has destroyed the classical structure-function paradigm in protein science, 3-D structure = function, because IDPs even without well-folded 3-D structures are still capable of performing important biological functions and furthermore are associated with fatal diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral pandemics. Pre-structured motifs (PreSMos) refer to transient local secondary structural elements present in the target-unbound state of IDPs. During the last two decades PreSMos have been steadily acknowledged as the critical determinants for target binding in dozens of IDPs. To date, the PreSMo concept provides the most convincing structural rationale explaining the IDP-target binding behavior at an atomic resolution. Here we present a brief developmental history of PreSMos and describe their common characteristics. We also provide a list of newly discovered PreSMos along with their functional relevance.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
• /
• 2007.04a
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 2007

In this paper, an Improved Dimension Reduction(IDR) method is proposed for uncertainty quantification that employes Kriging interpolation technic. It has been acknowledged that the DR method is accurate and efficient for assessing statistical moments and reliability due to the sensitivity free feature. However, the DR method has a number of drawbacks such as instability and inaccuracy for problems with increased nonlineality. In this paper, improved DR is implanted by three steps. First, the Kriging interpolation method is used to accurately approximate the responses. Second, 2N+1 and 4N+1 ADOEs are proposed to maintain high accuracy of the method for UQ analysis. Third, numerical integration scheme is used with accurate but free response values at any set of integration points of the surrogated model.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.111-139
• /
• 2003

In this paper, the unbiasedness hypothesis cannot be rejected for JPY. It means that Japanese forward exchange market is efficient. This implies that there would not be an unusual profit from speculation. However, the unbiasedness hypothesis can be rejected for THB, HKD, IDR. It means that Asian forward exchange market is inefficient. This implies that there would be an unusual profit from all available information. This suggests that forward exchange rates cannot be an unbiased estimator of future spot exchange rate. This result explains that the actual pricing for forward rate is not based on the international financial market's pricing mechanism of interest rate parity theory, but rather depends upon that simple market expectations and aspirations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2004.05b
• /
• pp.420-423
• /
• 2004

Advance of computer technique becomes efficient of business in recent years. It has become high-speed data transmission and large data transmission. Network and computer system need to increasingly security because advance of computer technique. So this paper analyzes IP Traceback system that prevent cyber attack as hacking and security vulnerability of network. And this paper design IP Traceback system that based on active network.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.134-142
• /
• 2020

In this study, in order to evaluate the self-healing performance of cement composites the self-healing test method and the analysis method were suggested by applying constant water head permeability test, chloride migration test and repeated bending test. The method of making a cracked specimen and controlling crack width are also proposed. Constant head water permeability test can evaluate the healing performance by using the decreasing rate of water flow passing through the crack zone of a specimen. Furthermore, the equivalent crack width can be used to intuitively investigate the healing effect with healing period. The chloride migration test can evaluate the healing rate by the decreasing rate of the diffusion coefficient obtained by ASTM C 1202. Mechanical healing performance can be evaluated using ISR and IDR estimated from load vs. CMOD relationship graph obtained through the repeated bending test. Finally, the applicability of proposed self-healing evaluation methods was examined by testing mortar specimens with or without self-healing agents.