• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2017

MySQL database is the second place in the market share of the current database. Especially InnoDB storage engine has been used in the default storage engine from the version of MySQL5.5. And many companies are using the MySQL database with InnoDB storage engine. Study on the structural features and the log of the InnoDB storage engine in the field of digital forensics has been steadily underway, but for how to restore on a record-by-record basis for the deleted data, has not been studied. In the process of digital forensic investigation, database administrators damaged evidence for the purpose of destruction of evidence. For this reason, it is important in the process of forensic investigation to recover deleted record in database. In this paper, We proposed the method of recovering deleted data on a record-by-record in database by analyzing the structure of MySQL InnoDB storage engine. And we prove this method by tools. This method can be prevented by database anti forensic, and used to recover deleted data when incident which is related with MySQL InnoDB database is occurred.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.224-241
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Sargassum (Sargassum pallidum (TURN.) C. AG.; SP) on the experimental colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice. Methods : ICR mice were divided into 7 groups (NOR, CON, $SS50\times5$, $SP20\times3$, $SP50\times3$, $SP20\times5$, $SP50\times5$). TNBS processing was intrarectally applied to all experimental groups on the 3rd experiment day, except the normal group (NOR). For investigating the prophylactic effect, SP at doses of 20 mg/kg ($SP20\times5$) and 50 mg/kg ($SP50\times5$) were orally administered for 5 days. The SP at doses of 20 mg/kg ($SP20\times3$) and 50 mg/kg ($SP50\times3$) were orally administered for 3 days after the colitis induction in order to check the effect of treatment. As a positive control group, sulfasalazine 50 mg/kg ($SS50\times5$) was administrated. Macroscopic findings of epithelial tissue on mice were measured by colon length and macroscopic score. Histologic findings were also checked by crypt cell, epithelial cell, inflammatory cell and edema of submucosa. We measured the ability of SP to inhibit lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity. We also measured levels of the inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-$1\beta$ and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), its transcription factor activation, phospho-NF-${\kappa}B$ (pp65), in the colon by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. We measured activation of fecal bacterial enzyme, $\beta$-glucuronidase and degradation activation of fecal glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and hyaluronic acid. Results : Oral administration of SP on mice inhibited TNBS-induced colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity in the colon of mice as well as IL-$1\beta$ and COX-2 expression. SP also inhibited TNBS-induced lipid peroxidation and pp65 activation in the colon of mice. SP inhibited $\beta$-glucuronidase activation and fecal hyaluronic acid degradation activation as well. Conclusions : SP could be a possible herbal candidate and preventive prebiotic agent for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Further experiments to differentiate effects of SP on IBD, such as other solutions and extracting times, might be promising.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Allium hookeri on growth performance, bone strength, and blood biochemical profiles in growing broiler chickens. Twelve hundreds of one-day old Arbor Acres male broilers were divided into 6 treatments with 4 replicates and 50 birds per replicate (n=200 chicks/treatment). Chickens fed basal diet (Control), basal diet with commercial X (Positive control) at 0.05% of diet, or each one of the experimental diets (L3, L5, R3, R5) supplemented with the powder of A. hookeri leaf or root at 0.3 and 0.5% of diet respectively for 5 weeks. At the 5th week of feeding the diets, body weight, tibia strength, and blood biochemical profiles including antibody titers were measured. Dietary A. hookeri (L3, L5, R3, R5) significantly increased final body weight than the control group. And the dietary leaf of A. hookeri effectively increased the growth performance than dietary root of A. hookeri. Interestingly dietary leaf of A. hookeri improved tibia strength than the control group and L3 showed the highest value. The antibody titers against infectious bursal disease (IBD) increased with the addition of dietary leaf of A. hookeri compared with positive control, R3, and R5 groups. But there was no significant difference in serum biochemical parameters such as albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, Ca, P, total protein, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. These results suggest that A. hookeri can be used as a good supplement to improve growth performance and health by increasing bone strength and antibody titer against IBD without any anti-nutritional or toxic effects in growing broilers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1571-1586
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• 2012

On earth, there are about 5,400 kinds of mammals, of which about 1,000 kinds are herbivores. Among herbivores, about 250 kinds are known to be ruminants. As for cattle and sheep, which are ruminants, fermentation takes places mainly in their rumen; in contrast, for pigs and men, which are non-ruminants, fermentation takes place mainly in their caecum, colon, and rectum. As for the kind and dominance of rumen microorganisms, Bacteroidetes account for 51% and Firmicutes for 43%. As for the dominance of the large intestine microorganisms in men, Firmicutes account for 65% and Bacteroidetes for 25%. Cell wall components are decomposed by microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are generated through fermentation; the ratio of acetate, propionate, and butyrate generate is 60:25:15. Butyrate absorbed through the primary butyrate transporter MCT1 (mono carboxylate transports-1) in the intestines activates such SCFA receptors as GPR43 and GPR41. Butyrate has a strong anti-tumorigenic function. Butyrate is characterized by the fact that it has an effect on many cancer cells, contributes to the coordination of functions in the cells, and induces cancer apoptosis. Butyrate activates caspase but inhibits the activity of HDAC (histone deacetylase), so as to induce apoptosis. In addition, it increases p53 expression, so as to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-inflammation actions of SCFA include the reduction of IL-8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells, the inhibition of NO synthesis, and the restraint of the activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$), so as to suppress the occurrence of cancers caused by inflammation. Butyrate plays an important role in maintaining physiological functions of intestinal mucous membranes and is used as a cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.173-177
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• 2012

The multilayer structure of glass/Ta(5.8 nm)/NiFe(5 nm)/Cu(t nm)/NiFe(3 nm)/FeMn(12 nm)/Ta(5.8 nm) as typical GMR-SV (giant magnetoresistance-spin valve) films is prepared by ion beam sputtering deposition (IBD). The coercivity and magnetoresiatance ratio are increased and decreased for the decrease of Cu thickness when the thickness of nonmagnetic Cu layer from is varied 2.2 nm to 3.0 nm. It means that the decrease of non-magntic layer is effected to the interlayer exchange coupling of pinned layer and the spin configuration array of free layer. For experiment of detecting and dropping of magnetic beads we used the GMR-SV sensor with glass/Ta/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn/Ta structure. From the comparison of before and after for the dropping status of magnetic bead, the variations of MR ratio, $H_{ex}$, and $H_c$ are showed 0.9 %, 3 Oe, and 2 Oe, respectively. The fabrication of GMR-SV sensor was included in the process of film deposition, photo-lithography, ion milling, and MR measurement. Further, GMR-SV device can be easily integrated so that detecting biosensor on a single chip becomes possible.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.52
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• pp.336.1-336.12
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• 2018

Background: We aimed to investigate mucosal immunity related to forkhead box P3 ($FOXP3^+$) regulatory T (Treg) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells and cytokines in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Mucosal tissues from terminal ileum and colon and serum samples were collected from twelve children with IBD and seven control children. Immunohistochemical staining was done using anti-human FOXP3 and anti-$ROR{\gamma}t$ antibodies. Serum levels of cytokines were analyzed using a multiplex assay covering interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A/F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$, soluble CD40L, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. Results: $FOXP3^+$ Treg cells in the lamina propria (LP) of terminal ileum of patients with Crohn's disease were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in the healthy controls. $ROR{\gamma}t^+$ T cells of terminal ileum tended to be higher in Crohn's disease than those in the control. In the multiplex assay, serum concentrations (pg/mL) of IL-4 ($9.6{\pm}1.5$ vs. $12.7{\pm}3.0$), IL-21 ($14.9{\pm}1.5$ vs. $26.4{\pm}9.1$), IL-33 ($14.3{\pm}0.9$ vs. $19.1{\pm}5.3$), and $IFN-{\gamma}$ ($15.2{\pm}5.9$ vs. $50.2{\pm}42.4$) were significantly lower in Crohn's disease than those in the control group. However, serum concentration of IL-6 ($119.1{\pm}79.6$ vs. $52.9{\pm}39.1$) was higher in Crohn's disease than that in the control. Serum concentrations of IL-17A ($64.2{\pm}17.2$ vs. $28.3{\pm}10.0$) and IL-22 ($37.5{\pm}8.8$ vs. $27.2{\pm}3.7$) were significantly higher in ulcerative colitis than those in Crohn's disease. Conclusion: Mucosal immunity analysis showed increased $FOXP3^+$ T reg cells in the LP with Crohn's disease while Th17 cell polarizing and signature cytokines were decreased in the serum samples of Crohn's disease but increased in ulcerative colitis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.578-583
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• 2017

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory molecule and plays a pivotal role in immune regulation. Here, we demonstrate a role for PD-1 in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wild-type (WT) mice had severe wasting disease during experimentally induced colitis, while mice deficient for PD-1 ($PD-1^{-/-}$) did not develop colon inflammation. Interestingly, $PD-1^{-/-}$ mice cohoused with WT mice became susceptible to colitis, suggesting that resistance of $PD-1^{-/-}$ mice to colitis is dependent on their gut microbiota. 16S rRNA gene-pyrosequencing analysis showed that $PD-1^{-/-}$ mice had altered composition of gut microbiota with significant reduction in Rikenellaceae family. These altered colon bacteria of $PD-1^{-/-}$ mice induced less amount of inflammatory mediators from colon epithelial cells, including interleukin (IL)-6, and inflammatory chemokines. Taken together, our study indicates that PD-1 expression is involved in the resistance to experimental colitis through altered bacterial communities of colon.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2017

Angelica koreana is an important medicinal plant for some locals in East Asia including Korea. A few reports have shown the efficacy of its phytochemical constituents. We have isolated and purified one compound falcarindiol (FAL) from the methanolic extract of A. koreana roots. At concentrations from to $1{\mu}M$ to $25{\mu}M$, the FAL isolated from the roots of A. koreana exerted no significant cytotoxicity and down-regulated LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in colon epithelial cells, while up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, the FAL decreased the expression of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein by Western blot analysis. Colon epithelial cells play pivotal roles in regulating the colon immune system and thus FAL is expected to be candidate agent as therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by modulating LPS-induced inflammation in colon epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 2001

To detect the genetic variations among infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine strains, the hypervariable region of VP2 gene of seven IBDV vaccine strains were amplified using reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reation(RT/PCR). Ampllified PCR products of IBDV were cloned, sequenced, and compared with published sequences for IBDV. Vaccine strains (JOONG, HAN, B7, IB, BU2, G2, CIL) used in Korea and Korean field isolates (SH/92, K1, 310) had 81%(310 and HAN) ~ 98%(SH/92 and CIL) amino acid sequence similarity. Vaccine strains had 80%(HAN and IB) ~ 99%(JOONG and BU2) amino acid sequence similartiy. Intermediate plus vaccine strain, CIL was not substituted at positions 279(D $\rightarrow$ N) and 284(A $\rightarrow$ T), and conserved in serine-rich heptapeptide. At the two hydrophilic region, JOONG, IB and Bu2 strains had identical amino acid sequence comparing with STC strain. By phylogenetic analysis, JOONG and DAE strains were categorized in same group with BU2. The CIL and STC strains closely related but seperated from G2, HAN, B7 and IB strains.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1438-1444
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• 2014

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are probiotics that provide numerous beneficial effects on the host body, especially on the intestine. Combining several strains of LAB, we prepared a formulation containing four different LAB and studied its anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The formulation significantly reduced NO production from RAW 264.7 cells treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, indicating that the formulation might include anti-inflammatory activity. The formulation also suppressed inflammatory change induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice, where oral or rectal administration of the formulation protected the colon tissue from the damage by TNBS. Expressions of the IL-6 and FasL genes appeared to be down-regulated by the formulation in TNBS-treated colon tissues, suggesting that the suppression of those genes may be involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of the formulation.