• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.23 no.3_4
• /
• pp.153-158
• /
• 1979

Free amino acids in extracts and total amino acids in hydrolysates of eight species of higher fungi were analyzed by an amino acid autoanalyzer. Twenty amino acids were analyzed in eight species of higher fungi. 1) of all free amino acids contained in higher fungi, alanine is the richest, and then comes glutamic acid, serine, arginine, proline and histidine in that order. Of all total amino acids contained in higher fungi, glutamic acid is the richest, and then comes proline, valine, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine in that order. Especially Russula fragilis and Lepiota procera contain large quantity of glutamic acid. 2) Gross contents of free amino acids in the extracts is high in order of Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Tylopilus felleus and total amino acids in hydrolysates is high in Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Lepiota procera, Russula fragilis, Lentinus lepideus. 3) Total amount of essential amino acids in the extracts was high in Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Tylopilus felleus, Xylaria hypoxylon, Lentinus lepideus, Russula fragilis, Lactarius piperatus and Calocybe gambosa and in the hydrolysates of Phylloparus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Lepiota procera, Tylopilus felleus, Lentinus lepideus, Lactarius piperatus, Calocybe gambosa and Xylaria hypoxylon in that order, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 2003

Studies were conducted to investigate the changes of teleomorph of Diatrype stigma on bed-log of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and appearance of secondary harmful fungi from December 1999 to August 2001. The color of stroma was changed from red brown to dark brown after 12 months. The size of ostioles became smaller and the number of ostioles decreased as time passed. Most of the ostioles disappeared after 20 months from toleomorph formation. Perithecia and ascospores were gradually disappeared, and perithecia containing ascospores were observed at 10% of bed-logs tested after 20 months. Concerning the secondary harmful fungi infecting the bedlog of shiitake after teleomorph of D. stigma, Hypoxylon truncatum (Anamorph : Nodulisporium sp.), Schizophyllum commune and Trichoderma spp. were observed on stroma of D. stigma. Penicillium sp. occurred on spore-horn of Libertella sp. (Anamorph of D. stigma). Besides, Hypoxylon howeianum and some species of Myxomycetes were observed. Also, Libertella sp. appeared again at some bed-logs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.23 no.1 s.72
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1995

Fleshy fungi were collected during ten field trips to Ullung Island from October of 1989 to October of 1993. Through the observation of ascomycetous, auriculariaceous, and gasteromycetous fungi, 17 fungi were identified to the species and are listed below. Among them, four species Dasyscyphus virgineus, Hypoxylon serpens, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, and Eutypa scabrosa were confirmed new to Korea and are registered here with descriptions.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.193-196
• /
• 2002

Five species of the genus Xylaria are recognized on Malaysia materials: X. hypoxylon(L. FR.) Grev, X. allantoidea(Berk.) Fr., X. cubensis(Mont.) Fr., X. curta Fr. and X. grammica(Mont.) Fr.. The collection of Xylaria allantoidea from Malaysia is compared to the collection from Taiwan in morphological characters. The species are described their the host and cultural characteristics by a bright microscope and a scanning electron microscope.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.19-19
• /
• 2003

The Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul is a family of sphaeriaceous genera with obscure but apparently common ancestry (Rogers, 1979), A central core of genera - Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Rosellinia, Poronia, Podosordaria, Hypocopra, Daldinia, Biscogniauxia, Kretzschmaria, Camillea, Penzigia - are obviously related, regardless of the fact that the generic limits are arguable (Rogers, 1979; Barr, 1990; Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1991; Laessoe, 1994). In general, the family Xylariaceae is primarily defined as a group of stromatic pyrenomycetes with unitunicate asci characterized by a typical apical apparatus and pigmented ascospores having a germ slit (Rogers, 1979). Since Winter (1887) circumscribed the family to include Pyrenomycetes with predominately a dark stroma, dark unveiled spores containing 5 genera: Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul., Hypoxylon Bull., Ustulina Tul. & C.Tul., Poronia Willd. and XylariaHill ex Schrank, many more genera has been added to the family (Dennis, 1961; Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1993; Whalley, 1996). In the absence of a clear circumscription of the family (Rogers, 1994) the agreed number of accepted genera is governed by individual views and there are therefore difference between the proposals for the ascomycetes recognized 35 genera and indicated a further 3 which might belong there. Laessoe reviewed the family and included 37 genera but a few of these were listed as uncertain (Laessoe, 1994). In the most recent accounts Whalley (1996) listed 41 genera but again a number of these were considered uncertain and Ju and Rogers (1996) accepted 39 genera in their interpretation of the family. Since Laessoe (1994) merged Daldinia and Versiomyces with Hypoxylonand Ju and Rogers (1996) combined Astrocystis with Rosellinia and Helicogermslita, which can be argued strongly against, it is likely that a realistic number of genera will be close to 40 (Whalley, 1996; Table 1).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2013

A Nodulisporium sp. (Hypoxylon sp.) has been isolated as an endophyte of Thelypteris angustifolia (Broadleaf Leaf Maiden Fern) in a rainforest region of Central America. It has been identified both on the basis of its morphological characteristics and by scanning electron microscopy as well as ITS sequence analysis. The endophyte produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have both fuel (mycodiesel) and use for biological control of plant disease. When grown on potato dextrose agar, the organism uniquely produces a series of ketones, including acetone; 2-pentanone; 3-hexanone, 4-methyl; 3-hexanone, 2,4-dimethyl; 2-hexanone, 4-methyl, and 5-hepten, 2-one and these account for about 25% of the total VOCs. The most abundant identified VOC was 1,8 cineole, which is commonly detected in this group of organisms. Other prominent VOCs produced by this endophyte include 1-butanol, 2-methyl, and phenylethanol alcohol. Moreover, of interest was the presence of cyclohexane, propyl, which is a common ingredient of diesel fuel. Furthermore, the VOCs of this isolate of Nodulisporium sp. were selectively active against a number of plant pathogens, and upon a 24 h exposure caused death to Phytophthora palmivora, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and 100% inhibition to Phytophthora cinnamomi with only slight to no inhibition of the other pathogens that were tested. From this work, it is becoming increasingly apparent that each isolate of this endophytic Nodulisporium spp., including the Daldina sp. and Hypoxylon spp. teleomorphs, seems to produce its own unique set of VOCs.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2003

The Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul is a family of sphaeriaceous genera with obscure but apparently common ancestry (Rogers, 1979). A central core of genera - Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Rosellinia, Poronia, Podosordaria, Hypocopra, Daldinia, Biscogniauxia, Kretzschmaria, Camillea, Penzigia - are obviously related, regardless of the fact that the generic limits are arguable (Rogers, 1979; Barr, 1990; Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1991; Laessoe, 1994). In general, the family Xylariaceae is primarily defined as a group of stromatic pyrenomycetes with unitunicate asci characterized by a typical apical apparatus and pigmented ascospores having a germ slit (Rogers, 1979). Since Winter (1887) circumscribed the family to include Pyrenomycetes with predominately a dark stroma, dark unveiled spores containing 5 geners: Nummularia Tul, & C. Tul., Hypoxylon Bull., ustulina Tul. & C.Tul., Poronia Willd. and XylariaHill ex Schrank, many more genera has been added to the family (Dennis, 1961; Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1993; Whalley, 1996). In the absence of the clear circumscription of the family (Rogers, 1994) the agreed number of accepted genera is governed by individual views and there are therefore difference between the proposals for the ascomycetes recognized 35 genera and indicated a further 3 which might belong there. Laessore reviewed the family and included 37 genera but a few of these were listed as uncertain (Laessoe, 1994). In the most recent accounts Whalley (1996) listed 41 genera but again a number of these were considered uncertain and Ju and Rogers (1996) accepted 39 genera in their interpretation of the family. Since Laessoe (1994) merged Daldinia and Versiomyces with Hypoxylonand Ju and Rogers (1996) combined Astrocystis with Resellinia and Helicogermslita, which can be argued strongly against, it is likely that a realistic number of genera will be close to 40(Whalley, 1996; table 1).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.462-469
• /
• 2000

Sixty-one strains representing the main genera of wood-decaying xylariaceous fungi (mainly in Daldinia, Hypoxylon, Kretzschmaria, Rosellinia, Penzigia, and Xylaria) were tested for their ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes. The phenol oxidase activity and fungal growth of the xylariaceous fungi on gallic aicid and tannic acid media showed a variation in their ability to degrade lignocellulose. A number of species showed equal 개 betterligninolytic enzyme activities than Coriolus versicolor, a known basidiomycete wood-degrader. A large variation of the enzyme activity was observed by individual strains as well as a substantial variation between the isolates of the same species. The most frequent ligninolytic enzymes were peroxidase and general oxidase. With 19% of the strains tested, peroxidase showed the strongest ligninolytic enzyme activity, while tyrosinase activity was detected only in 7% of the strains. All strains of Kretzschmaria and Rosellinia tested was positive for laccase. Xylariaceous fungi were able to degrade the macromolecule, lignin, using each specific ligninolytic enzyme in the specfic lignin degradation pathway.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2004

Fresh mushrooms were collected during survey field trips to the southern areas of Songnisan National Park for 24 days from April to November in 2002. Through this investigation, a total of 682 fungal collections were obtained and taxonomically amounted to 5 classes, 14 orders, 44 families and 202 species. Among them, six genera Diplomitoporus, Heterochaete, Hydnochaete, Loweporus, Scytinostroma and Tomentellina, and twelve species, Asterostroma cervicolor, Diplomitoporus crustulinus, Fomitopsts cajanderi, Heterochaete delicate, Hydnochaete tabacinoides, Hyphodontia sambuci, Hypoxylon deustum, Lopharia cinerascens, Loweporus roseoalbus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma odoratum and Tomentellina fibrosa were confirmed as new to Korea and registered here with descriptions.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.50-58
• /
• 2019

Agarum clathratum, a brown macroalgae species, has recently become a serious environmental problem on the coasts of Korea. In an effort to solve this problem, fungal diversity associated with decaying A. clathratum was investigated and related ${\beta}$-glucosidase and endoglucanase activities were described. A total of 233 fungal strains were isolated from A. clathratum at 15 sites and identified 89 species based on morphology and a multigene analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and protein-coding genes including actin (act), ${\beta}$-tubulin (benA), calmodulin (CaM), and translation elongation factor (tef1). Acremonium, Corollospora, and Penicillium were the dominant genera, and Acremonium fuci and Corollospora gracilis were the dominant species. Fifty-one species exhibited cellulase activity, with A. fuci, Alfaria terrestris, Hypoxylon perforatum, P. madriti, and Pleosporales sp. Five showing the highest enzyme activities. Further enzyme quantification confirmed that these species had higher cellulase activity than P. crysogenum, a fungal species described in previous studies. This study lays the groundwork for bioremediation using fungi to remove decaying seaweed from populated areas and provides important background for potential industrial applications of environmentally friendly processes.