• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.659-668
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• 2013

The objective of this study was carried out to elucidate the effect of LEDs (light emitting diodes) irradiation in relation to early growth and inorganic elements in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Chung Chi Ma'). In morphological changes of leaves, shoot elongation and hypocotyl length showed poor growth in red light irradiation, while the red+blue light irradiation induced shorter plant height and much greater leaf numbers resulting in increased fresh weight. In change of the Hunter's color and SPAD values, lettuce seedlings grown under in red+blue and fluorescent light irradiation had a higher $a^*$ value, otherwise SPAD values were not changed in these light irradiations. Interestingly, relative chlorophyll contents showed 1.8 times increased redness in the treatment of red+blue light irradiation. Inorganic element (N, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe) and ascorbic acid contents were increased in lettuce plants grown under LEDs light irradiation compared to those of lettuce grown under the fluorescent light which showed higher P and Mn contents. In conclusion, it is considered that red+blue light irradiation which stimulates growth and higher nutrient uptake in leaf lettuce could be employed in containers equipped with LEDs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of light-emitting diode treatment on early growth and inorganic elements in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Oak Leaf'). In changes to leaf morphology, shoot elongation and hypocotyl length showed poor growth under red light irradiation, while red+blue light irradiation induced shorter plant height and more leaves, resulting in increased fresh weight. With respect to Hunter's color and SPAD values, lettuce seedlings grown under red+ blue and fluorescent light irradiation had a higher $a^*$ value but showed no other changes to SPAD values. Interestingly, redness in relative chlorophyll content was 1.4 times higher under red+blue light irradiation. Inorganic element (N, Ca, Mg, and Fe) and ascorbic acid concentrations increased in lettuce plants grown under LED light irradiation compared to those of lettuce grown under fluorescent light, which showed a higher P content. In conclusion, red+blue light irradiation, which stimulates growth and higher nutrient uptake in leaf lettuce, could be employed in containers equipped with LEDs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2006

Soybean sprout decay during its culture should be one of serious problems. The study was carried out to clarify the effect of water imbibition and acetic acid treatments on growth and morphological characters of the soybean sprouts. The soybean seeds of 3 cultivars (cv. Eunhakong, Pungsannamulkong and Junjery) imbibed in pure water or 0.l% acetic acid for 3 minutes before soaked for 6 hours into 1 ppm BA solution and aerated for 3 hours immediately before 6 day culture. On the 6th day, the sprouts were classified into 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm, > 4cm and not germinated and seed floating rate, their morphological characters, fresh fraction weights and productivity were measured. The best water imbibition for seed cleaning was to soak the seeds for 5 minutes and then to aerate soak them for 40 minutes. In Pungsannamulkong and Junjery, percentage of the sprouts with hypocotyls of longer than 4 cm was higher in water imbibition than in acetic acid treatment for seed disinfection although in Eunhakong there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Eunhakong and Junjery had greater lateral root formation rate and its number per sprout in water imbibition than in acetic acid treatment but Pungsannamulkong showed reverse result. Eunhakong and Pungsannamulkong, furthermore, had more total fresh weight in acetic acid treatment than in water imbibition but Junjery showed reverse result, although there was no significant difference between the two treatments in productivity of mass production system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1996

This investigation was conducted to investigate if germination rate, degree of solute leakage and water uptake rate of seeds are a meaningful information for the selection criteria among soybean genotypes and to find out their characteristics in the variable temperature and moisture conditions encounted during long-term warehouse storage. Germination rate in soybean sprouting box and petri dish differed largely among genotypes stored for twenty months but there was little difference when stored for eight months. Length of hypocotyl was shorter at twenty months of storage than at eight months. Degree of solute leakage of Paldalkong and Pulmuwon was twice higher than that of SS88038 lines at twenty months of storage. In 30 minutes after imbibition, water uptake rate in all genotypes stored for twenty months was faster than these stored for eight months, and water uptake rate in Paldalkong and Pulmuwon stored for eight months was 1.5 and 2 times faster than in SS88038 lines. In correlation coefficients, the germination ability and emergence exhibited significantly negative correlation with degree of solute leakage at twenty months of storage. Water uptake rate in soybean seeds stored for eight months had highly significant positive correlation with degree of solute leakage in 30 minutes and one hour after imbibition while for twenty months of storage, it had highly significant positive correlation with that in 30 minutes, one hour and three hours after imbibition. In eight months of storage, the number of open micropyle had positive correlation with water uptake rate at 30 minutes after imbibiton. But in seeds stored twenty months, it wasn't correlated with water uptake.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.606-611
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• 2006

Decay during soybean sprout culture detracts their quality as well as increases their production costs. This study was done to determine the effects of acetic and propionic acids on growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. The soybean seeds of 3 cultivars (cv. Eunhakong, Pungsannamulkong and Orialtae) imbibed for 2 minutes at their different concentrations (0, 0.1 and 0.2%) were soaked for 6 hours in 4 ppm BA solution after the first 5.5 hour water imbibition and 0.5 hour aeration, and cultured at $20^{\circ}C$. On the 6th day, harvested soybean sprouts were classified into 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length;>7cm, 4 to 7cm,<4cm and not germinated, and their morphological characters, fresh weights, lesion spots on cotyledons were measured or analyzed. The stronger concentration the higher rate of longer than 4cm although there was no significant difference between the two acids. Pungsannamulkong showed the longest hypocotyls but Eunhakong did the thickest ones, and Orialtae did the greatest total fresh weight, in which all the characters were not influenced by the two acids and their concentrations. Lesion spots on the cotyledons were equal to the two acids although less in their treatments than in no treatment. Utilization of propionic acid was more desirable Dan acetic acid through their treatment cost analysis.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find out optimum cultivars, and growth temperature and stage in peanut sprout for resveratrol production. Morphological characteristic, days to 50% of the final germination percentage($T_{50}$) and early growth vigor were measured in 8 different peanut varieties. In result 'Jopyeong' appeared to be the most appropriate cultivar for peanut production because of its lower contamination rate, lesser lateral root formation, and thicker hypocotyl length. Optimum temperature for growing peanut sprouts was determined 27. Content of resveratrol was examined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) to investigate appropriate growth stage of peanut sprouts for resveratrol production. Resveratrol was higher than $17.0{\mu}g/g$ in peanuts sprouts 9 days after plating. Considering peanut sprout's shapes and content of resveratrol into account, it was most appropriate to harvest in 9-day after germination.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.466-470
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• 2007

Nowadays burcucumber(Sicyos angulatus L.) has been widely used as a rootstock of Cucurbitaceae. The study was done to examine the effects of shading with different colored fabrics(white, red and aluminum-coated) on growth and cotyledon chlorophyll content of its seedling. Shading with the white colored fabric lengthened seedling height and hypocotyl length, but shading with the red colored fabric enlarged true leaf area. Total dry weight of each seedling was decreased in the order of no shading, white, red and aluminum, in which resulted from reductions of cotyledon dry weight in white colored fabric, cotyledon and true leaf dry weight in red colored fabric, and dry weight of cotyledon, true leaf and root in aluminum colored fabric. Cotyledon chlorophyll content was reduced by shading treatments although the 3 shading treatments showed nearly same content.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2021

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is generally sown in late autumn and harvested in early summer in Korea, however, spring cultivation has also been attempted in some areas because frequent climate changes induce reducing productivity. Therefore, there is a need for a transplanting technology that is relatively easy to control of cropping season according to changes in cultivation conditions. In this study, to find out the optimal characteristics of seedlings for machine transplanting of spring cultivation, seedling morphological characteristics were investigated according to the seedling age of three varieties for 2020 and 2021. The hypocotyl length was less than 2 cm in both years and the 40-day-old seedling was the shortest among all seedling ages. The number and size of leaf were increased with longer seedling age in both years. To evaluate seedling quality, total seedling length, seedling weight, and impact resistance were measured before transplanting. Total seedling length was the longest in 40-day-old seedlings and the shortest in 25-day-old seedlings in both years. In the case of seedling weight, no significant differences were observed depending on the seedling age and the impact resistance increased with increasing seedling age. Finally, 'Jungmo7001', 'Naehan', and 'Tamla' showed a high transplanting rate in seedlings grown for more than 30 days, 35 days, and 40 days, respectively, in the field using a general transplanter. These results suggest that the proper seedling age for transplanting is limited depending on the rapeseed varieties. The suitable seedling cultivation method can be selected for different cultivation environments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of height suppression of cucumber and tomato plug seedlings as affected by mechanical stimulus using brushing as environment-friendly method. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. 'Joeunbaekdadagi') and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Mini Chal') seeds were sown in 40-cell plug trays ($54{\times}27.5{\times}5cm$) filled with growing medium on Oct. 9, 2017. The cultivation environment in a venlo-type glasshouse was maintained as cultivation temperature range of $15-25^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity of $50{\pm}10%$. Nontreatment and diniconazole ($7.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) application at 15 days after sowing were used as the control. In addition, brushing treatments in cucumber and tomato were applied interval of 2, 4 or 6 hrs for 15 and 20 days, respectively. Plant height, hypocotyl length, and internode length were inhibited for cucumber and tomato in the diniconazole treatment than in the control. The leaf size was reduced, both cucumber and tomato, while the SPAD increased under the diniconazole treatment. However, stem diameter of cucumber was the thickest in the 2 hrs brushing interval treatment. Fresh weights of shoot and root were the significantly lowest in the diniconazole treatment. Application of brushing improved seedlings quality by promoting dry weights of shoot and root, and compactness of tomato seedlings. The chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato seedlings drastically decreased with 2 hrs treatment, indicating that mechanical stress by brushing treatment. The relative growth rate of tomato seedlings was significantly lower in the diniconazole treatment, but cucumber seedlings were not significantly different in all treatments. As a results, height suppression of cucumber and tomato seedlings was best achievement in the diniconazole treatment by the chemical as growth regulator. In an environment-friendly point of view, however, it is considered that 2 hrs brushing interval treatment can be the applicability for replacing the chemical methods in plug seedling growth of cucumber and tomato.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2023

To harvest marketable cucumbers, high quality seedlings must be used. Producing seedlings in the greenhouse during the low radiation period decreases marketability due to insufficient light for growth. Supplemental lighting with artificial light of different quality can be used to improve low light conditions and produce high quality seedlings. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the appropriate supplemental light sources on the growth and seedling quality of grafted cucumber seedlings during the low radiation period. Three cultivars of cucumber were used as scions for grafting; 'NakWonSeongcheongjang', 'Sinsedae', and 'Goodmorning baekdadagi'. Figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia) 'Heukjong' was used as the rootstock. The seeds were sown on January 26, 2023, and grafted on February 9, 2023. After graft-taking, cucumbers in plug trays were treated with RB light-emitting diodes (LED, red and blue LED, red:blue = 8:2), W LED (white LED, R:G:B = 5:3:2), and HPS (high-pressure sodium lamp), respectively. Non-treatment was used as the control. Supplemental lighting was applied 2 hours before sunrise and 2 hours after sunset for 19 days. The stem diameter and fresh and dry weights of roots did not differ significantly by supplemental light sources. The plant height and hypocotyl length were decreased in W LED. However, the leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of shoots were the highest in the RB LED. Seedling qualities such as crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and compactness were also increased in RB LED and W LED. After transplanting, most of the growth was not significant, but early yield of cucumber was higher in LED than non-treatment. In conclusion, using RB LED, W LED for supplemental light source during low radiation period in grafted cucumber seedlings improved growth, seedling quality, and early yield of cucumber.