• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.42-57
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• 2002

본 연구는 널리 알려져 있는 항산화제들의 세포 수준에서의 anti-oxidative stress 효과 및 그 기작을 알아보기 위한 연구이다. 연구에 사용한 항산화제로는 지용성인 retinol, $\alpha$-tocopherol, propyl gallate(PG) 및 butylated hydroxy toluene(BHT)과 수용성인 ascorbic acid, $\alpha$-glucosyl rutin 및 green tea extract를 사용하였으며 이들 항산화제들의 시간별 세포 생존율을 NR assay 로 측정한 후 적정 농도에서 DCFH-DA(2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate) 를 이용하여 항산화제들의 anti-oxidative stress 억제 효과를 시간별로 측정하였다. 또한 이들 항산화제의 항산화 기작을 알아보기 위하여 NBT(Nitro-blue-tetrazolium) 및 DPPH(Diphenyl-picry-hydrazl)도 병행하여 실시하였다. Anti-oxidative stress 실험에서 지용성 항산화제들은 전반적으로 수용성 항산화제에 비하여 세포에 대한 독성이 상대적으로 강하여 retinol 의 경우에는 0.01%에서 oxidative stress 억제 효과를 관할할 수 있었으며 1 시간경과 후 측정시 53.1%의 억제 효과를 보여 주었다. PG 의 경우에는 0.1%에서 2 시간 경과 후 측정시 50%의 oxidative stress 억제 효과를 보여주었다. 수용성 항산화제인 green tea extract 및 $\alpha$-glucosyl rutin의 경우에는 1%에서 1시간 경과 후 측정시 각 각 51.6% 및 69.7%의 oxidative stress 억제 효과를 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 시료처리 후 자외선 조사시 oxidative stress 억제 효과의 경우 수용성 항산화제인 ascorbic acid, $\alpha$-glucosyl rutin 및 green tea extract 와 지용성 항산화제 중에서는 $\delta$-tocopherol 에서만 oxidative stress 억제 효과가 관찰되었으나 자외선을 조사 하지 않았을 때 보다 약 20%-40%까지 억제 효과가 감소되었다. 그리고 PG 및 retinol 의 경우에는 자외선 조사시 독성이 증가하여 oxidative stress 억제 효과를 측정할 수 없었다. NBT실험에서 $\alpha$-glucosyl rutin, $\alpha$-tocopherol 및 PG 1%에서 70%이상의 superoxide anion 생성 억제 효과를 보였으며 DPPH 실험에서는 ascorbic acid 와 PG 1%에서 98%의 hydroxyl radical 생성 억제 효과를 보여 주었다. 본 실험을 통하여 BHT 를 제외하고 전반적으로 세포 수준에서의 oxidative stress 에 대한 억제 효과를 확인해 볼 수 있었으며 특히 수용성 항산화제들에서 두드러진 효과를 보여 주었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1695-1704
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the effect of ergothioneine (ESH)-enriched mushroom extract on oxidative stability, volatile compounds, and sensory quality of emulsified sausage. Methods: The ESH content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) extract was determined through radical-scavenging activity of 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and hydroxyl radicals. Four different groups of emulsified sausage were manufactured: control, no antioxidants; BHA, 0.01% butylated hydroxyanisole; EEME, 0.8% ESH-enriched mushroom (F. velutipes) extract; AE, 0.012% authentic ESH, after storage for 14 days (at 4℃), the quality of sausage including oxidative stability (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls content), volatile compounds and sensory quality were studied. Results: It was demonstrated that adding ESH-enriched F. velutipes extract to sausage could effectively prevent lipid and protein oxidation, and its efficacy was equivalent with 0.01% BHA. During meat processing, the ESH mainly contributed to the antioxidative activity of F. velutipes extract. The flavor and sensory attributes of emulsified sausage were improved through adding ESH-enriched F. velutipes extract. Conclusion: Accordingly, the extract of F. velutipes contained high-level of ESH and could be a good antioxidant candidate for processed meat production.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2019

Oxidative stress is considered a major contributor in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and in diabetes complications, such as nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetic neuropathy, which is the most frequent complications of diabetes, affect sensory, motor, and autonomic nerves. This study aimed to investigate whether 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against high glucose-induced toxicity. In the current study, we found that diabetic patients exhibited higher lipid peroxidation caused by oxidative stress than healthy subjects. 7,8-DHF exhibits superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. High glucose-induced toxicity severely damaged SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, causing mitochondrial depolarization; however, 7,8-DHF recovered mitochondrial polarization. Furthermore, 7,8-DHF effectively modulated the expression of pro-apoptotic protein (Bax) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) under high glucose, thus inhibiting the activation of caspase signaling pathways. These results indicate that 7,8-DHF has antioxidant effects and protects cells from apoptotic cell death induced by high glucose. Thus, 7,8-DHF may be developed into a promising candidate for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.287-300
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• 2019

Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana has spread to more than 9 million ha of wheat in the warm, humid areas of the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia and is a disease of major concern in other similar wheat growing regions worldwide. Differential lignin content in resistant and susceptible genotypes and its association with free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), superoxide ($O_2{^-}$) and hydroxyl radical ($OH^-$) were studied after inoculation under field conditions for two consecutive years. $H_2O_2$ significantly influenced lignin content in flag leaves, whereas there was a negative correlation among lignin and $H_2O_2$ to the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The production of $H_2O_2$ was higher in the resistant genotypes than susceptible ones. The $O_2{^-}$ and $OH^-$ positively correlated with AUDPC but negatively with lignin content. This study illustrates that $H_2O_2$ has a vital role in prompting lignification and thereby resistance to spot blotch in wheat. We used cluster analysis to separate the resistant and susceptible genotypes by phenotypic and biochemical traits. $H_2O_2$ associated lignin production significantly reduced the number of appressoria and penetration pegs. We visualized the effect of lignin in disease resistance using differential histochemical staining of tissue from resistant and susceptible genotypes, which shows the variable accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lignin around penetration sites.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1401-1411
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• 2019

Mycobacterial cell walls comprise thick and diverse lipids and glycolipids that act as a permeability barrier to antibiotics or other chemical agents. The use of OH radicals from a non-thermal plasma jet (NTPJ) for the inactivation of mycobacteria in aqueous solution was adopted as a novel approach. Addition of water vapor in a nitrogen plasma jet generated OH radicals, which converted to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) that inactivated non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis and pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. A stable plasma plume was obtained from a nitrogen plasma jet with 1.91 W of power, killing Escherichia coli and mycobacteria effectively, whereas addition of catalase decreased the effects of the former. Mycobacteria were more resistant than E. coli to NTPJ treatment. Plasma treatment enhanced intracellular ROS production and upregulation of genes related to ROS stress responses (thiolrelated oxidoreductases, such as SseA and DoxX, and ferric uptake regulator furA). Morphological changes of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were observed after 5 min treatment with $N_2+H_2O$ plasma, but not of pre-incubated sample with catalase. This finding indicates that the bactericidal efficacy of NTPJ is related to the toxicity of OH and $H_2O_2$ radicals in cells. Therefore, our study suggests that NTPJ treatment may effectively control pulmonary infections caused by M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) such as M. avium or M. abscessus in water.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2019

Objectives : This study aimed to analyze contents of chlorogenic acid among major ingredients and determine the optimal solvent for the antioxidant activity from Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea(SV) aerial part. Methods : Mature aerial part of extracted SV at the first crop on June 2018 was used. SV was mixed with each at the ethanol concentrate rates of water, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100% and extracted them for three times for eight hours at $70^{\circ}C$. The contents of chlorogenic acid and seven kinds of antioxidant activities were measured in SV extracts. Results : The highest the contents of chlorogenic acid was from 10% ethanol extracts showed. Total polyphenol and flavonoids of SV extracts were 126.16 mg/g and 105.84 mg/g, respectively. Scavenging activities of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical significantly increased in a dose-dependent in SV extracts, while it was almost similar with control at the concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$. $Fe^{2+}$ chelating activity significantly increase in a dose-dependent in SV extract, it was lower than control. Nitrite scavenging activity increased, dose-dependent in the sequence of pH 1.2> pH 3.0 > pH 6.0 in SV extracts, while it was almost similar with control at the concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$, pH 1.2, and pH 3.0. Conclusions : Thus, this study found that higher contents of chlorogenic acid and excellent antioxidant activity were contained in 10% ethanol extracts in mature aerial part of SV. It is expected to be used as basic data as natural antioxidant materials.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.800-815
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• 2022

This study aimed to obtain high Fischer's ratio oligopeptides from goat whey (HFO) and investigate antioxidant property of it. Hydrolysis of goat whey was done with the approach of sequential digestion of pepsin and flavourzyme. With the adsorption of aromatic amino acids by activated carbon, HFO with a Fischer's ratio of 27.070 and a molecular weight of 200-1,000 Da were obtained, and the branched-chain amino acids accounted for 22.87%. Then the antioxidant activity of HFO was evaluated. At the concentrations of 2.0 mg/mL and 0.50 mg/mL, HFO scavenged 77.27% and 99.63% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate free radicals respectively. The scavenging rate of HFO against hydroxyl radicals reached 92.31% at the concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Animal experiments demonstrated that HFO could moderate the changes of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase caused by CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in vivo. This study indicated that HFO from goat whey was capable of oxidation resistance both in vivo and in vitro, which provided a scientific basis for the high-value processing and application of goat milk whey.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

In this study, we explored the synergistic effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soybean protein components after fermentation with lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, and identified several peptides with desirable physiological functions, proteolysis, and immune effects. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, followed by cross-validation of the four antioxidant activities. These assays revealed that samples with a 8:2 and 9:1 whey to soy ratio possessed higher antioxidant activity than the control samples. Antibacterial potency testing revealed high antibacterial activity in the 9:1 and 8:2 samples. Cytotoxicity testing of samples using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide revealed that only the 10:0, 1:9, and 0:10 samples had <80% viable cells, indicating no significant cytotoxicity. Nitric oxide (NO) assays revealed that NO expression was reduced in 8:2, 5:5, and 0:10 protein ratio fermentations, indicating low inflammatory reaction stimulatory potential. Cytokine expression was confirmed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The 8:2 sample had the lowest inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) levels compared with the lipopolysaccharide-treated group. Amino acid profiling of the 8:2 sample identified 17 amino acids. These results suggest that inoculating and fermenting Lactobacillus plantarum DK203 and Lactobacillus paracasei DK209 with an 8:2 mixture of WPC and soybean protein releases bioactive peptides with excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making them suitable for functional food development.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.330-335
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• 1998

본 연구는 응집공정과 오존처리공정으로 생물학적 난분해성 물질을 함유한 매립장 침출수를 처리하고, 전 오존처리와 후 오존처리에 의한 수처리 효율을 비교 분석하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 결과를 아래와 같이 요약하였다. 1) $COD_{Cr}$을 제거하기 위하여 침출수의 pH를 4,7,11로 조절하고, 오존주입량을 $75mgO_3/min$ ($4.5gO_3/hr$)으로 90분간 오존처리한 결과 각 pH별 제거효율은 각각 48.2%, 52.6%, 62.3%로 나타났다. pH를 증가시킴으로써 $COD_{Cr}$의 제거효율이 증가하였는데, 이는 높은 pH에서 오존의 가기 분해속도가 빨라져 비선택적으로 수중 유기물과 반응하고, 오존보다 산화력이 강한 hydroxyl radical($OH{\cdot}$)의 생성이 촉진되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 2) 주 응집제로 사용되는 무기응집제는 폐수처리에 많이 이용되고 있는 alum, ferric chloride 및 ferrous sulfate를 이용하였으며, 그 결과 pH5와 응집제 주입량 $2,000m{\ell}/{\ell}$에서 Ferric chloride가 12.0%의 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거효율로 가장 우수한 것으로 조사되었다. 그리고 응집보조제로 사용한 유기 응집제는 cation(C-101P), anion(A-601P) 및 nonion(SC-050)을 이용한 결과 cation(C-101P)이 pH5와 주입량 $100m{\ell}/{\ell}$에서 19.8%의 $COD_{Cr}$제거효율로 가장 효율적인 응집보조제로 조사되었다. 3) 오존주입량을 $75mgO_3/min$ ($4.5gO_3/hr$)으로 90분간 오존처리한 결과 색도와 탁도는 각각 88.6%와 97%가 제거되었으며, $COD_{Cr}$ 및 $COD_{Mn}$보다 훨씬 높은 제거효율을 보인 것은 오존이 색도 및 탁도 유발물질을 선택적으로, 그리고 우선적으로 산화시킨 것으로 판단된다. 4) $COD_{Cr}$ 색도 및 탁도는 후 오존처리보다 전 오존처리에 의하여 8.0%, 3.5%, 그리고 1% 각각 제거 효율이 증가하였는데, 이는 응집전 오존처리가 응집효율을 증가시킨다는 여러 연구결과와 일치하는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1525-1531
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• 2011

본 연구는 돼지감자잎(Helianthus tuberosus L.) 추출물의 항산화 활성을 탐색하고자 물과 에탄올로 각각 추출하였다. 돼지감자잎에 포함된 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 측정한 결과, 에탄올 추출물(94${\pm}$2.03 mg GAE/g extract)이 물 추출물(89.6${\pm}$1.96 mg/GAE/g extract)보다 더 많은 총 폴리페놀 함량을 포함하고 있었으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 물 추출물(65.1${\pm}$2.84 mg CE/g extract)이 에탄올 추출물(54.6${\pm}$1.87 mg CE/g extract)보다 더 높았다. ESR을 이용한 라디칼 소거능을 측정한 결과, hydroxyl 라디칼을 제외한 DPPH, alkyl 라디칼 소거능은 물 추출물 및 에탄올 추출물 모두 비타민 C와 비슷하거나 더 높은 활성을 나타내었다. ABTS를 이용한 라디칼 소거 활성, FRAP을 이용한 총항산화능 측정 및 환원력을 통한 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과에서도 돼지감자잎 추출물이 항산화효과를 가지고 있음이 확인되었다. 또한, FTC 및 TBA법을 이용한 지질과산화 억제 효능을 살펴본 결과, 특히 돼지감자잎 물추출물이 에탄올 추출물보다 지질과산화 억제효과가 높았으며 이는 ${\alpha}$-토코페롤보다 활성이 우수하였다. 한편, 세포독성을 살펴보기 위하여 정상 간세포(human liver, Chang cells)를 이용하여 MTT assay를 수행한 결과, 세포의 생존율은 0.5 mg/mL의 농도까지는 독성을 나타내지 않았고 간세포 보호효능 실험에서는 t-BHP로 유발시킨 산화적 스트레스에 대해 농도 의존적인 간세포 보호 효과가 있었으며, 이는 세포내 ROS의 감소로 인한 산화스트레스 억제를 통하여 세포를 보호하는 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.