• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.500-505
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cooking methods (cooking apparatus and reaction level of oxygen) on the rancidity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and furans produced while cooking deep-fired instant noodles. The sample rancidities showed a decreasing trend regardless of the cooking apparatus, as the available oxygen content in the cooking pot was reduced. In particular, soaking and then cooking using a microwave oven was found to be the most effective method to retard rancidity development. The ROS concentration after cooking had a similar trend to the rancidity. The furan concentrations of the samples significantly decreased under all cooking conditions as compared to the control, and the lowest value was 10.69 ppb for the sample cooked in a microwave oven without a cooking pot lid after soaking. The results indicate that cooking in a microwave oven with soaking was the most effective method for the oxidative stability of deep-fried instant noodles.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2001

To examine the effects of feed additives on the expression of Perpheral blood cell surface molecules, phagocytosis and antigen specific antibody formation, broilers were randomly assigned to T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$, and T$_4$ groups. T$_1$ group was fed diet without any additives for 13 weeks, T$_2$ was fed diet with full fat flax, T$_3$ was fed diet with full fat flax containing $\alpha$-tocopherol, and T$_4$ was fed diet with full-fat flax containing $\alpha$-tocopherol and selenium. Since 5 weeks feeding the data were examined by luminometer. After 2 weeks adminstration of different feeding, although all treated groups (T$_2$, T$_3$, and T$_4$,) showed slightly increased chemiluminescence (CL) responses than T$_1$, this result was not significant. After 4 weeks feeding there was no significant increase of CL in the Phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages of T$_2$ group compared to T$_1$. But phagocytes from T$_3$ and T$_4$ group showed in creased $O_2$- (6%, 18% respectively) as well as $H_2O$$_2$ (9.5% and 10.9%, respectively) induced CL responses. After 8 weeks feeding there was more than 50% increase $O_2$- induced CL in T$_3$ and T$_4$ group, but $H_2O$$_2$ induced CL responses in T$_3$ and T$_4$ group was slightly increased (6.6% and 9.3%, respectively).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pyroligneous liquor on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver of Cri/Bgi CD rats (7 rats per group). Male rats were fed a basic diet prepared in our Lab., PL-0 (Control), PL-1, PL-25, PL-50 and PL-75 groups were Prepared to be 0%, 1%, 25%, 50% and 75%with distilled water using pyroligneous liquor (35% of Choa Co. Ltd.), and were administrated orally for 8 weeks. Superoxide radical contents in liver mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased to 12-14%, 11-15%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50groups compared with the control group. Hydroxyl radical content in mitochondria and microsomes were markedly decreased to 12-20% and 17%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50% groups compared with the control group. Hydrogen peroxide content in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased about 15-12% and 22-20% in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD activities in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups were remarkably increased to 15-25%, 11-16%, respectively, compared with the control group. GPx activities in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly increased in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. CAT activities in mitochondria and cytosol were significantly increased to 12-14%, 15-27%, respectively, in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that long term administration orally of 25 and 50% pyroligneous liquor may effectively inhibit the formation of oxygen free radicals, and also scavenger enzyme activities significantly increase through the administration orally.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.989-995
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• 2009

Extract yield of tartary buckwheat treated with water, 70% ethanol or methanol were about 13.6%, 7.0% and 6.6%, respectively. Extract yield was greatly increased by the treatment of $\alpha$-amylase indicating 95.1% yield. $RC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging activity with methanol and 70% ethanol extracts were 34.0 $\mu g$/mL, 40.5 $\mu g$/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity increased when it was treated with $\beta$-glucosidase and cellulase, showing $RC_{50}$ value of 24.7 $\mu g$/mL and 25.0 $\mu g$/mL, respectively. In ABTS radical scavenging activity, methanol extract (100 $\mu g$/mL) showed 30% inhibition. In DPPH or ABTS radical scavenging activities, the treatment of $\beta$-glucanase and $\alpha$-amylase shows the highest and the lowest activities, respectively. In $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effect, 70% ethanol extract showed $RC_{50}$ value of 59.9 $\mu g$/mL, but water extract was not inhibitory effective. The $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effect was the highest in multi enzyme treatment. Content of rutin and quercetin in methanol extract showed higher value with 4400.3 mg% and 71.9 mg%, respectively. The 70% ethanol extract of buckwheat contained rutin of 3459.8 mg% and quercetin of 56.9 mg%. In the treatment of $\beta$-glucanase, the rutin content of ethanol extract increased with 5057.4 mg% and multi-enzyme treatment resulted in the modification of rutin glycoside.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2005

There have been large areas of soil contaminated with high levels of explosives. For this experimental work, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was tested as a representative explosive contaminant of concern in both aqueous and soil samples and its removal was evaluated using three different chemical treatment methods: 1) the classical Fenton reaction which utilizes hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and soluble iron at pH less than 3; 2) a modified Fenton reaction which utilizes chelating agents, $H_2O_2$, and soluble iron at pH 7; and 3) a Fenton-like process which utilizes iron minerals instead of soluble iron and $H_2O_2$, generating a hydroxyl radical. Using classic Fenton reaction, 93% of TNT was removed in 20 h at pH 3 (soil spiked with 300 mg/L of TNT, 3% $H_2O_2$ and 1mM Fe(III)), whereas 21% removed at pH 7. The modified Fenton reaction, using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetate and citrate as representative chelating agents, was tested with 3% $H_2O_2$ at pH 7 for 24 h. Results showed the TNT removal in the order of NTA, EDTA, oxalate, citrate and acetate, with the removal efficiency of 87%, 71%, 64%, 46%, and 37%, respectively, suggesting NTA as the most effective chelating agent. The Fenton-like reaction was performed with water contaminated with 100 mg/L TNT and soil contaminated with 300 mg/L TNT, respectively, using 3% $H_2O_2$ and such iron minerals as goethite, magnetite, and hematite. In the goethite-water system, 33% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 28% removed at pH 7. In the magnetite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 36% removed at pH 7. In the hematite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 34% removed at pH 7. For further experiments combining the modified Fenton reaction with the Fenton-like reaction, NTA, EDTA, and oxalate were selected with the natural iron minerals, magnetite and hematite at pH 7, based on the results from the modified Fenton reaction. As results, in case magnetite was used, 79%, 59%, and 14% of TNT was removed when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively, whereas 73%, 25%, and 19% removed in case of hematite, when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1323-1330
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• 2006

In this study, five different odor causing compounds in the Nakdong river and rapid sand filtered waters were treated by oxidation from $O_3/H_2O_2$ process. In addition, the change in BDOC formation by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process was also investigated for considering this advanced oxidation Process as a pre-treatment to the BAC treatment process. The experimental result showed that the removal efficiency of geosmin was higher with the use of 5 mg/L of $O_3$ and 0.2 mg/L of $H_2O_2$ than with the use of 20 mg/L of $O_3$ alone for the sand filtered water. And in general, the removal efficiency of geosmin in raw water was $12{\sim}27%$ lower than the one in sand filtered water. In sand filtered water. the removal efficiencies of geosmin and IPMP decreased when $H_2O_2/O_3$ ratio increases above the optimum ratio. The optimum ratio of $H_2O_2/O_3$ dose was $0.5{\sim}1.0$ for geosmin and $0.2{\sim}1.0$ for IPMP. However, the optimum ratio of $H_2O_2/O_3$ in raw water remove geosmin appealed to $1.0{\sim}3.0$. According to the experimental results for the removal of 5 different odor causing compounds under varied $O_3$ doses, the removal efficiency of IPMP was the highest with 60% and, in overall, $O_3/H_2O_2$ process showed higher removal efficiency than $O_3$ alone process. The BDOC formation by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process increased from $0.1{\sim}0.25$ to $0.19{\sim}0.34$ comparing to $O_3$ process alone. Therefore, it is concluded that the advanced oxidation process with $O_3/H_2O_2$ can be used as a pretreatment to the BAC treatment process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 1991

In order to evaluate a potential role of mitochondria in the mediation of toxicity of paraquat (PQ), submitochondrial particle and microsome of mouse liver were compared by oxygen radical generation and lipid peroxidation. With NADH in submitochondrial particle and NADPH in microsome as electron donors, PQ stimulated production of superoxide anion and $H_2O_2$ in both fractions. Under the same conditions, PQ enhanced the generation of ethylene from methional suggestiong stimulation of OH production by PQ. But these effects by PQ were somewhat lower in submitochondrial particle than in microsome. In addition, lipid peroxidation(measured as MDA production) was stimulated by PQ in both fractions. The stimulation of lipid peroxidation in both fractions seemed to occur by the same mechanism probably through perferryl ion. This was supported by the following findings: i) The lipid peroxidation in both fractions was partially inhibited by SOD and completely inhibited by DETAPAC(an iron chelator) but not by catalase or OH scavenger. ii) Addition of $ADP-Fe^{3+}$ further increased PQ-induced lipid peroxidation but decreased ethylene production from methional suggesting no correlation between OH production and lipid peroxidation. The redox-cycling of PQ in mitochondria appeared to be linked to NADH dehydrogenase, not to CoQ since all of the observed stimulations by PQ in submitochondrial particle were inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate(a NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor) but not affected by other respiratory chain blockers. The above results demonstrate that redox-cycling properties of PQ leading to oxygen radical generation and lipid peroxidation can also occur in mitochondria in the same manner as in microsome. Therefore, the observed actions of PQ in mitochondria suggest that mitochondria may also contribute to toxicity of this drug in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1988

The effect of antioxidants on the myocardial cellular damage which occurs during reoxygenation of hypoxic myocardium was examined in isolated rat hearts. The roles of oxygen free radical and lipid peroxidation in reoxygenation injury of myocardium were also investigated. In Langenorff preparation of isolated rat heart, which was made hypoxic by perfusion with the substrate free, hypoxic cardioplegic solution ($37^{\circ}C$, 90 min), the release of cytosolic enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase) and a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde into the coronary effluent were abruptly increased by reoxygenation. The release of enzymes was closely parallel to that of MDA. These increases of enzymes and lipid peroxidation product were suppressed to various degrees in the presence of scavengers of superoxide anion (superoxide dismutase, 10,000 U), hydrogen peroxide (catalase, 25,000 U) and hydroxyl radical (dimethyl sulfoxide, 10%). A natural antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$(4.5 uM) and a synthetic one, butylated hydroxytoluene (2 uM) suppressed the release of cytosolic enzymes with the concomittent reduction of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde release into the coronary effluent. These effects of antioxidants were dose dependent, and were more pronounced when the antioxidants were administered throughout hypoxic and reoxygenation periods than given during reoxygenation period only. These results suggest that cytotoxic oxygen free radicals produced in the myocardium during reoxygenation may be responsible fur the myocardial cellular injury by enhancing the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Furthermore, the antioxidants may exert protective effect against reoxygenation damage of hypoxic myocardium through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation reaction.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-292
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• 2016

Water supplied through dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) has been shown to contain high number of bacteria. To reduce the contamination of DUWLs, it is essential to develop effective disinfectants. It is, however, difficulty to obtain proper DUWL samples for studies. The purpose of this study was to establish a simple laboratory model for reproducing DUWL biofilms. The bacteria obtained from DUWLs were cultured in R2A liquid medium for 10 days, and then stored at $-70^{\circ}C$. This stock was inoculated into R2A liquid medium and incubated in batch mode. After 5 days of culturing, it was inoculated into the biofilm formation model developed in this study. Our biofilm formation model comprised of a beaker containing R2A liquid medium and five glass rods attached to DUWL polyurethane tubing. Biofilm was allowed to form on the stir plate and the medium was replaced every 2 days. After 4 days of biofilm formation in the laboratory model, biofilm thickness, morphological characteristics and distribution of the composing bacteria were examined by confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mean of biofilm accumulation was $4.68{\times}10^4$ colony forming unit/$cm^2$ and its thickness was $10{\sim}14{\mu}m$. In our laboratory model, thick bacterial lumps were observed in some parts of the tubing. To test the suitability of this biofilm model system, the effectiveness of disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine, was examined by their application to the biofilm formed in our model. Lower concentrations of disinfectants were less effective in reducing the count of bacteria constituting the biofilm. These results showed that our DUWL biofilm laboratory model was appropriate for comparison of disinfectant effects. Our laboratory model is expected to be useful for various other purposes in further studies.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2005

Background : Arsenic trioxide ($As_2O_3$) has been used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, and it induces apoptosis in a variety of solid tumor cell lines including non-small cell lung cancer cells. However, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) can enhance tumor response to chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation. It was previously demonstrated that a combination treatment with $As_2O_3$ and sulindac induces the apoptosis of NCI-H157 human lung carcinoma cells by activating the caspase cascade. This study aimed to determine if a combination treatment augmented its apoptotic potential through other pathways except for the activation of the caspase cascade. Material and Methods : The NCI-H157 cells were treated with $As_2O_3$, sulindac and antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The cell viability was measured by a MTT assay, and the level of intracellular hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) generation was monitored fluorimetrically using a scopoletin-horse radish peroxidase (HRP) assay. Western blotting and mitochondrial membrane potential transition analysis were performed in order to define the mechanical basis of apoptosis. Results : The viability of the cells was decreased by a combination treatment of $As_2O_3$ and sulindac, and the cells were protected using antioxidants in a dose-dependent manner. The increased $H_2O_2$ generation by the combination treatment was inhibited by antioxidants. The combination treatment induced changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential as well as the expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins, and increased cytochrome c release into the cytosol. However, the antioxidants inhibited the effects of the combination treatment. Conclusion : Combination treatment with $As_2O_3$ and sulindac induces apoptosis in NCI-H157 human lung carcinoma cells via ROS generation with a mitochondrial dysfunction.