• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1207-1212
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of replacing 40% corn meal with three different types of barley (Youngyang, Wooho, and Yuyeon) on the chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content in feces of growing pigs. Sixteen pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) with an initial average body weight of $71{\pm}2kg$ were maintained in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to four treatments containing different sources of barley, for 23 days. The treatment with three different barley types replacing 40% ground corn showed no effect (P>0.05) on fecal chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and VFA. However, some differences (P<0.05) were noted in the chemical compositions of crude fiber and ash, and in the levels of Lactobacillus and Salmonella in the feces of the growing pigs. In conclusion, methane and hydrogen sulfide decreased by replacing 40% corn meal with Youngyang and Wooho barley, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2003

This study designed and constructed an experimental column far adhesion efficiency test and conducted experiment to investigate the offensive odor adhesion efficiency of filter bed materials. The offensive odor adhesion experiment was conducted using mixture of high physical adhesion efficiency material, and the fixity of deodorization microorganism of selected filter bed material was tested using ammonia exclude microorganism A4-­2 and sulfur oxidation microorganism S5­-5.2 those were cultured at the Agricultural Chemical Department of Chungnam National University, and deodorization efficiency of selected filter bed material mixture was tested. Following are summary of these tests results. 1. Amount of elimination of the offensive odor gas of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per unit volume was 0.054 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in rice hull, 0.01 and 0.004 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in rice straw 0.158 and 0.01 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in coconut, 0.014 and 0.02$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ perlite, 0.004 and 0.003$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in high road ball, and 0.112 and 0.015 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in chaff of pine, respectively. 2. Amount of elimination of offensive odor gas of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per unit volume was 0.045 and 0.014$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 1, 0.079 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 2, 0.123 and 0.017 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 3, 0.031 and 0.015$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 4, 0.055 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 5, and 0.111 and 0.020$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 6, respectively. 3. The offensive odor elimination microorganism inoculated to mixture of chaff of pine(70%) and perlite(30%) showed the elimination efficiency of 99.06% and 96.61% against the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, respectively, during 24 hours period.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2004

ZZFCa sorbents for hot gas desulfurization in IGCC were prepared by adding calcium oxide to ZZF sorbent in order to improve its attrition resistance in this study. ASTM attrition test for the sorbent was performed at several different weight percentages of CaO to investigate the attrition characteristics of ZBFCa sorbents as a function of CaO content. Attrition index of ZZF without CaO was 28.3% and its collected attrition index was 10.8％. ZZFCa-3 containing 3 wt% CaO showed the lowest attrition index (AI=17.3％, CAI=8.8％) in the test. From the results of SEM morphologies and particle size distribution measurements, ZZFCa-3 maintained a fine shape and a desirable average particle size even after attrition test. In the experiments of sulfidation/regeneration for ZZFCa-3 sorbent concentration of hydrogen sulfide in coal gas was lowered from 10000 ppm to below 1 ppm. Sulfur removing capacity was about 28.8 g S/100 g sorbent. Neither formation of CaSO$_4$ was observed in XRD measurement nor SO$_2$ slippage was observed during sulfidation process.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2014

Exhaust gas emitted as a result of the incomplete combustion of biomass in charcoal kilns includes odor compounds as well as other air pollutants such as particulate matters, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. A number of offensive odor compounds affect quality of life. In this study, odor emissions were investigated from biomass burning in a pilot-scale charcoal kiln and a commercial-scale kiln. Complex odor from emission source reached up to 10,000 dilutions to threshold during the study period. Combustion fume was found to contain reduced sulfur compounds, aldehydes, and volatile organic compounds. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were the major odorants which highly contributed to the offensive odor.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

In this study, the concentrations of major reduced sulfur compounds (H$_2$S, $CH_3$SH, DMS, and DMDS) were determined from ambient air in a monitoring station located in the mid-eastern area of Seoul. Measurements of sulfur species were conducted by the combination of on -line air sampling, thermal desorption, and capillary GC/PFPD analysis. A total number of 143 hourly samples were collected in the two time periods set between June and July 2003. The mean concentrations of four sulfur species measured in the whole study period were found on the order: DMS (535$\pm$183) > H$_2$S (47$\pm$10) > DMDS (35$\pm$22) > $CH_3$SH (6.19$\pm$29.4 pptv). The results of this study show that the concentrations of DMS at the study area are generally higher than those reported previously in the oceanic environments, while those of other sulfur species are not easy to compare with due to the lack of data. The H$_2$S concentrations were generally higher during the daytime than the nighttime, whereas those of others generally exhibited a reversed diurnal pattern. The overall results of our study suggest that the distribution of major reduced S compounds should be controlled by diverse processes in the urban area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.401-410
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• 2002

Concerns for energy conservation, environmental pollution, and the fact that organic wastes account for a major portion of our waste materials, have created the interest of biogas, which usually contains about 60 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide, and other gases, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and other noxious gases. Cyclone combustors are used for homing a wide range of fuels such as low calorific value gas, waste water, sludge. coal, etc. The 3-dimensional swirling flow, combustion and emission in a tangential inlet cyclone incinerator under different inlet conditions are simulated using a standard k-s turbulence model and ESCRS (Extended Simple Chemically-Reacting System) model. The commercial code Phoenics Ver.3.4 was used for the present work. The main parameters considered in this work are inlet velocity and air to fuel ratio. The results showed that the change of operating conditions had an influence on the shape and size of recirculation zones, mixture fraction and axial velocity which are important factors for combustion efficiency and emission behavior. The application of this kind of computer program seams to be promising as a potential tool for the optimum design of a cyclone combustor with low emission.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2001

In this experiment porous calcium silicate (PCS) powder prepared by using a 50 mesh sieve was spread on top of chick droppings to investigate the odor from the manure. Zeolite was used as a comparative purpose. Reduction in ammonia production from chick droppings shortly after the PCS and zeolite application was evident (P<0.05), but there were no difference among treatments afterwards. hydrogen sulfide level was significantly lowered by both PCS and zeolite treatment(P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.38-49
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• 2010

The technology of anaerobic digestion of organic wastes has been researched for the production of biogas in various purposes. Biogas comes from anaerobic digestion and landfill in which that of main components are methane and carbon dioxide containing small amount of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. Biogas can either be used directly on the site where it is generated after proper upgrading or distributed to external customer via separate pipelines like natural gas. There are four basic ways biogas can be utilized such as production of heat and steam, electricity production, vehicle fuel and production of chemicals. There is no international technical standard for biogas use but some countries have developed national standards and procedures for biogas use. In this paper, technical standards of biogas depending on purpose have reviewed for the several countries.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

To estimate removal ability of harmful gas by charcoal, we carbonized Red oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer) wood and Larch (Larix leptoepis) bark at $300^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. Gas removal ratios was increased with carbonization temperature but there is no difference between wood and bark charcoal. In the case of bad smell and VOC gas, woody charcoal including bark charcoal carbonized at $300^{\circ}C$ showed low removal ratio, less than 50%, whereas woody charcoals which was carbonized at more than $600^{\circ}C$ reached almost 100% removal ratio to bad smell gas such as trimethylamine, methymercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, and to VOC such as benzene, toluene, xylene in $5{\ell}$ tedler bag with each gas of 100 ppm. It was thought that because charcoals carbonized at high temperature, for example, $600^{\circ}C$ or $900^{\circ}C$ have enough specific surface area to adsorb gas of 100 ppm. Moreover these charcoals rapidly removed almost gas in 10 minutes. However, acetylene, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$, charcoals which was carbonized more than $600^{\circ}C$ and which showed high removal ratio had low gas removal ratio of 40% at even 4 hours adsorption. It was concluded that adsorptive ability of woody charcoal was mainly influenced with carbonizing temperature, so that different charcoals carbonized at different temperature brings different gas removal ratio because these charcoals have not only different physical factor such as specific surface area but different chemical characteristic such as functional group, expected.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.369-375
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• 2006

Calibration gas mixtures were prepared using dynamic volumetric method according to ISO 6145-5 and the uncertainty was evaluated. Ten identical capillaries with 0.25 mm in inner diameter and 50 cm in length were applied in this system. Dilution ratio of parent gas was determined by the number of capillaries that passes parent gas and that passes balance gas through. Capillaries were made of Teflon which had good chemical stability against adsorption of gaseous substances. Mechanical valves were introduced in this system in order to minimize the thermal effect of solenoid valves. Concentration of prepared gases were compared with master grade standard gases in cylinders made by RiGAS Co. and calibration of the instrument were completed using comparison method according to ISO 6143. Experimental results showed that the coefficient of variance of diluted oxygen standard gases showed less then 0.2% in most dilution range, that of diluted hydrogen sulfide standard gases showed less then 1.0%. Therefore, it is proven that the standard gases prepared by this system are appropriate to be used as a calibration standards in ambient monitoring, etc.