• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2015

Curvularia lunata is an important maize foliar fungal pathogen that distributes widely in maize growing area in China, and several key pathogenic factors have been isolated. An yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library is a very useful platform to further unravel novel pathogenic factors in C. lunata. To construct a high-quality full length-expression cDNA library from the C. lunata for application to pathogenesis-related protein-protein interaction screening, total RNA was extracted. The SMART (Switching Mechanism At 5' end of the RNA Transcript) technique was used for cDNA synthesis. Double-stranded cDNA was ligated into the pGADT7-Rec vector with Herring Testes Carrier DNA using homologous recombination method. The ligation mixture was transformed into competent yeast AH109 cells to construct the primary cDNA library. Eventually, a high qualitative library was successfully established according to an evaluation on quality. The transformation efficiency was about $6.39{\times}10^5$ transformants/$3{\mu}g$ pGADT7-Rec. The titer of the primary cDNA library was $2.5{\times}10^8cfu/mL$. The numbers for the cDNA library was $2.46{\times}10^5$. Randomly picked clones show that the recombination rate was 88.24%. Gel electrophoresis results indicated that the fragments ranged from 0.4 kb to 3.0 kb. Melanin synthesis protein Brn1 (1,3,8-hydroxynaphthalene reductase) was used as a "bait" to test the sufficiency of the Y2H library. As a result, a cDNA clone encoding VelB protein that was known to be involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including control of secondary metabolism containing melanin and toxin production in many filamentous fungi was identified. Further study on the exact role of the VelB gene is underway.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.377-387
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• 2016

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus, is one of the most important viruses of cultivated tomatoes worldwide, mainly causing yellowing and curling of leaves with stunting in plants. TYLCV causes severe problems in sub-tropical and tropical countries, as well as in Korea. However, the mechanism of TYLCV infection remains unclear, although the function of each viral component has been identified. TYLCV C4 codes for a small protein involved in various cellular functions, including symptom determination, gene silencing, viral movement, and induction of the plant defense response. In this study, through yeast-two hybrid screenings, we identified TYLCV C4-interacting host proteins from both healthy and symptom-exhibiting tomato tissues, to determine the role of TYLCV C4 proteins in the infection processes. Comparative analyses of 28 proteins from healthy tissues and 36 from infected tissues showing interactions with TYLCV C4 indicated that TYLCV C4 mainly interacts with host proteins involved in translation, ubiquitination, and plant defense, and most interacting proteins differed between the two tissues but belong to similar molecular functional categories. Four proteins-two ribosomal proteins, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, and 14-3-3 family protein-were detected in both tissues. Furthermore, the identified proteins in symptom-exhibiting tissues showed greater involvement in plant defenses. Some are key regulators, such as receptor-like kinases and pathogenesis-related proteins, of plant defenses. Thus, TYLCV C4 may contribute to the suppression of host defense during TYLCV infection and be involved in ubiquitination for viral infection.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.963-969
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• 2016

Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs)은 세포 내 소기관이나 단백질복합체를 미세소관을 따라 운반하는 모터단백질이다. Kinesin 1은 경쇄단위체(light chain subunit)를 통하여 결합함으로써 세포 내 소기관, 신경소포, 신경전달물질수용체, 신호전달단백질, mRNA 등 다양한 운반체를 운반하는 KIFs의 한 종류이다. Kinesin light chains (KLCs)은 모터기능이 없는 단위체로서 kinesin heavy chains (KHCs) 이량체와 결합하여 kinesin 1을 구성한다. KLCs은 여러 단백질과 결합하지만 아직 결합단백질이 충분히 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서 KLC1의 tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) 영역과 결합하는 단백질을 분리하기 위하여 효모 two-hybrid 탐색을 수행한 결과 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome의 원인단백질이며 액틴 세포골격 조절단백질인 WASP/WAVE family의 하나인 WAVE1을 분리하였다. WAVE1은 KLC1의 TPR 영역을 포함한 부위와 결합하지만 KHCs인 KIF5A, KIF5B, KIF5C와는 결합하지 않았다. 또한 KLC1은 WAVE1의 C-말단에 존재하는 verprolin/cofilin/acidic (VCA) 도메인과 결합하였으며, 다른 WAVE isoform인 WAVE2와 WAVE3과도 결합하였다. HEK-293T 세포에 WAVE1과 KLC1을 동시에 발현시켰을 때 두 단백질이 세포 내에서 같은 부위에 존재하며, WAVE1을 면역침강한 결과 KLC1뿐만 아니라 KIF5B가 같이 침강함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들은 kinesin 1이 WAVE 단백질복합체 혹은 WAVE로 덮여있는 운반체를 운반함을 시사한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1999

본 시험은 수단그라스와 청예 대두와의 간작과, 단작재배시 생육단계별 채식율 및 자유채식량을 검토하기 위하여 실시 하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 수단그라스와 대두 간작재배는 단작에 비하여 단백질 함량을 증가시키는 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타났으나 ADF 함량에 있어서는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 채식율(엽, 경, 수)은 통일 생육단계에서 간작재배가 단작에 비하여 높게 나타났으나, 유기숙 이후부터는 간작 단작 모두 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 또한 생초의 자유채식량에 있어서도 같은 경향을 보였으며, 특히 간작의 180cm구는 $516.7g/kg^{0.75}$으로 가장 높은 채식량을 보였던 반면, 황숙기구는 $197.6g/kg^{0.75}$로 가장 적은 수치를 보였다. 건물섭취량은 간작구가 단작에 비하여 통일 생육 단계시 채식량이 높은 경향을 보였으며, 특히 간작의 유숙기구는 $98.4g/kg^{0.75}$으로서 가장 높은 채식량을 나타냈다. 간작구의 단백질 섭취량은 180cm, 250cm, 수잉기, 출수기, 유숙기에 각각 9.6, 8.5, 7.2, 7.2, $7.2g/kg^{0.75}$으로 높은 수치를 보였지만, 단작은 5.5, 4.2, 4.0, 4.8, $3.7g/kg^{0.75}$으로 간작에 비하여 매우 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 수단그라스 교잡종과 대두와의 간작은 단작재배에 비하여 채식율, 채식량, 단백질 섭취량을 증가시켜주는 재배 방식으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.169-173
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• 1986

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 새로 도입(導入)된 13개(個) 품종(品種)의 수수-수단그라스잡종(雜種)(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), T-E Goldmaker 수수잡종(雜種) (S.bicolor (L.) Moench), $NC^+$ 88SS 수단그라스 잡종(雜種) (S. bicolor (L.) Moench), Supermill permillet(Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) 및 teosinte(Euchlaena mexicana Schrad.)를 Pioneer 988 수수-수단그라스 잡종(雜種)을 대조 품종으로 하여 건물생산성(乾物生産性), 조단백질함량(粗蛋白質含量) in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)(IVDMD) 및 그밖의 생육특성(生育特性)을 비교하여 농가(農家)에 새로운 자료(資料)를 제시하기 위하여 수행되었다. 건물수량(乾物收量)에 있어서 14품종간(品種間)의 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 teosinte 및 TE Goldmaker는 수량이 가장 낮았다. 각(各) 품종간(品種間)에 다소의 차이는 있었으나 대부분의 품종(品種)들이 엽병(葉病)(잎마른병)에 강하였으며 pearlmillet과 teosinte는 전혀 엽(葉)에 이병이 안되었고 $NC^+$ 88SS는 엽고병(葉枯病)에 매우 약하였다. 수수-수단그라스계(系) 잡종(雜種)의 평균(平均) 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 pearlmillet과 수수잡종(雜種) 보다는 낮았으나 수단그라스 잡종(雜種)보다는 높았다. G-83F, TE Goldmaker, Teosinte 및 HW 5111의 IVDMD는 대조 품종인 P-988보다 높았으며 고온기(高溫期) 청예용(靑刈用) 사초(飼草)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 함량(含量)과 IVDMD간에는 일정한 상호관계(相互關係)가 없었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2004

Physiological responses and tolerance limit of hybrid striped bass $(Morone\;Chrysops\;male{\times}\;M.\;saxatilis\;female),$ were investigated on salinity changes from 33 psu to 0 psu and from 0 to psu 33 psu in two separate trials, respectively. In the acute salinity decrease from sea water (33 psu) to fresh water (0 psu), plasma level of cortisol, glucose, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not affected, however, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality significantly decreased. In the acute salinity increase from fresh water to sea water (33 psu), plasma cortisol level did not change. Glucose and total protein concentrations in plasma and hematocrit (Hct) decreased, whereas AST, ALT, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality increased. The hybrid striped bass can overcome the acute changes of salinity, from 0 psu to 33 psu or from 33 psu to 0 psu, But salinity decrease stressed the fish much more than salinity increase.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of dietary monobasic potassium phosphate (MKP) on the growth of the far eastern catfish Silurus asotus and four leafy vegetables in a hybrid biofloc technology aquaponic system. To an experimental diet containing 45% protein and 7% lipid, 1, 2, 3 or 4% MKP was added and was designated as MKP1, MKP2, MKP3, and MKP4, respectively. The optimum MKP levels were determined for the growth of fish and four leafy vegetables over 10 weeks. After the 10-week feeding trial, weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were higher in the fish groups fed MKP2 and MKP3 than in the other groups (P<0.05). The growth of the four leafy vegetables was also higher in the fish groups fed MKP2 and MKP3. Water quality [dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), $NO_2-N$, $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$] was measured six times a week using a portable water quality meter and reagent measurements. The TAN (4.58-20.40 mg/L), $NO_3-N$ (24.12-52.40 mg/L) and $PO_4-P$ (20.38-48.48 mg/L) levels increased with time, while the $NO_2-N$ level remained below 0.1 mg/L throughout the study.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.508-513
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• 2019

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid (LA) and decursinol (Dec) hybrid compound LA-Dec were evaluated and compared with its prodrugs, LA and Dec. LA-Dec dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in BV2 mouse microglial cells. On the other hand, no or mild inhibitory effect was shown by the Dec and LA, respectively. LA-Dec demonstrated dose-dependent protection from activation-induced cell death in BV2 cells. LA-Dec, but not LA or Dec individually, inhibited LPS-induced increased expressions of induced NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in a dose-dependent manner in both BV2 and mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, LA-Dec inhibited LPS-induced expressions of iNOS, COX-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, and $interleukin-1{\beta}$ mRNA in BV2 cells, whereas the same concentration of LA or Dec was ineffective. Signaling studies demonstrated that LA-Dec inhibited LPS-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and protein kinase B activation, but not nuclear factor-kappa B or mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The data implicate LA-Dec hybrid compound as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

Antheraea mylitta Drury is basically a crossbreeding species, as such it seems to be potentially a good material for the exploitation of heterosis. In the present study F1 hybrid of wild ecorace Laria (L) and semi-domestic Daba (D) was raised and evaluated for various quantitative traits and biochemical parameters during larval stage. Improved fecundity ($+18{\pm}1.8%$ and higher egg hatching rate ($+10.96{\pm}1.3%$) was recorded in the F1hybrid ($L{\times}D$). Biochemical parameters studied in the hemolymph, midgut and fatbody of the larva showed significantly higher (P<0.05) total proteins and carbohydrate concentration besides digestive enzyme activity. Correspondingly SDS-PAGE revealed more number of protein bands in the hemolymph sample of F1s, ranging between 29 kDa to 66 kDa compared to parental lines. The present study demonstrates the positive heterosis effect in the F1 hybrid of Laria ${\times}$ Daba. Biochemical analysis indicates that, there is possibilities of exploitation of hybrids with specific parents targeted for desirable commercial traits (silk yield and fecundity). Moreover, most of these biochemical parameters can be used as markers to analyze the genetic improvement in the tasar silkworms.

• BioChip Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.268-279
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• 2018

Flower-shaped organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures, termed nanoflowers, have received considerable recent attention as they possess greatly enhanced activity, stability, durability, and even selectivity of entrapped organic biomolecules, which are much better than those from the conventional methods. They can be synthesized simply via co-incubation of organic and inorganic components in aqueous buffer at room temperature and yield hierarchical nanostructures with large surface-to-volume ratios, allowing for low-cost production by easy scale-up, as well as the high loading capacity of biomolecules without severe mass transfer limitations. Since a pioneering study reported on hybrid nanoflowers prepared with protein and copper sulfate, many other organic and inorganic components, which endow nanoflowers with diverse functionalities, have been employed. Thanks to these features, they have been applied in a diverse range of areas, including biosensors and biocatalysis. To highlight the progress of research on organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, this review discusses their synthetic methods and mechanisms, structural and biological characteristics, as well as recent representative applications. Current challenges and future directions toward the design and development of multi-functional nanoflowers for their widespread utilization in biotechnology are also discussed.