• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2005

Background: A physically active lifestyle and regular exercise training incurs many health benefits. One recently recognized benefit of regular moderate exercise is stress reduction and immune enhancement. Thus, a physical stress such as exercise may act at any number of points in the complex sequence of events collectively termed the immune response. Although exercise causes many propound changes in parameters of immune function, the nature and magnitude of such changes rely on several factors including the immune parameters of interest; type, intensity, and duration of exercise; fitness level or exercise history of the subject; environmental factors such as ambient temperature and humidity. Methods: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different type of exercise on superoxide dismutase (SOD), neutrophils, and T lymphocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; a non-Trained group (NTG, n=6), a swim-Trained group (STG), and a treadmill-Trained group (TTG). The exercise regimen was designed in a treadmill (5 times/5 days/week) during 8-weeks for TTG, and swim training (5 times/5 days/week) during 8-weeks for STG, and the volume of exercise training was the same in both groups. Results: 8 weeks of regular swim and treadmill training significantly increased liver SOD concentration however, muscle SOD concentration was not statistically significant. In the level of neutrophils, TTG and STG showed significant difference, compared to NTG. TTG was the highest level of neutrophils. In the level of immune cell counts, there was significant difference among TTG, STG, and NTG both in the spleen and thymus. Conculsion: In conclusion, it can be stated that eight weeks swim and treadmill exercise training has beneficial effect in improving immune response and antioxidant defence capacity by augmenting immune cells and SOD activities of SD rats.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2013

To understand the characteristics of organic aerosol(OA) at the background atmosphere of Korea, an observation of atmospheric PM10 was conducted at a Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW) station operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration at Anmyon Island during 2010. Various organic compounds were analyzed from 26 samples by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) was also analyzed by using a total organic carbon(TOC) analyzer. Among 6 classes with 68 target compounds detected, the classes of n-alkanoic and alkenoic acids ($326.67{\pm}75.40ngm^{-3}$) and dicarboxylic acids ($323.74{\pm}361.89ngm^{-3}$) were found to be major compound classes in the atmosphere of Anmyon Island. Compared to the previous results reported for 2005 spring samples at Gosan site, the concentrations of organic compounds at Anmyon Island were 3-10 times higher than Gosan site due to the difference of location and sampling period. The concentrations of organic compounds were varied with the atmospheric conditions. Significant increase of the concentrations of dicarboxylic and carboxylic acids in the smog episode indicated that secondary oxidation of organic compounds was major factor to increase OA concentration during smog episode in the Anmyon Island. It was found that the compositions of the OA measured at Anmyon Island were dependent on the air parcel trajectories.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

A dual-phase ceramic membrane consisting of gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) as an oxygen ion conducting phase and $MnCo_2O_4$ as an electron conducting phase was fabricated by sintering a GDC and $MnCo_2O_4$ powder mixture. The $MnCo_2O_4$ was found to maintain its spinel structure at temperatures lower than $1200^{\circ}C$. (Mn,Co)(Mn,Co)$O_4$ spinel, manganese and cobalt oxides formed in the sample sintered at $1300^{\circ}C$ in an air atmosphere. XRD analysis revealed that no reaction phases occurred between GDC and $MnCo_2O_4$ at $1200^{\circ}C$. The electrical conductivity did not exhibit a linear relationship with the $MnCo_2O_4$ content in the composite membranes, in accordance with percolation theory. It increased when more than 15 vol% of $MnCo_2O_4$ was added. The oxygen permeation fluxes of the composite membranes increased with increasing $MnCo_2O_4$ content and this can be explained by the increase in electrical conductivity. However, the oxygen permeation flux of the composite membranes appeared to be governed not only by electrical conductivity, but also by the microstructure, such as the grain size of the GDC matrix.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2010년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.84-87
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 power management IC에 사용되는 아날로그 트리밍용 antifuse OTP 셀을 제작하였다. VPP (=7V)와 VNN (=-5V)의 Dual program voltage를 이용하는 antifuse OTP 셀은 antifuse 양단에 hard breakdown 이상의 전압을 인가하여 thin gate oxide를 breakdown시킨다. $0.18{\mu}m$ BCD 공정을 이용하여 제작된 antifuse OTP 셀의 면적은 $48.01{\mu}m^2$으로 eFuse OTP 셀 면적의 44.6% 수준이다. 20개의 테스트 패턴을 측정한 결과 프로그램 후 antifuse의 저항은 수 $k{\Omega}$ 이하로 양호하게 측정되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.508-516
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to understand and explain the essences and structures of the experience of Korean women who have had a spinal cord injury. Methods: The data were collected in 2010 through individual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. A total of 9 women with spinal cord injuries participated in the study. Each interview lasted about 2 hours. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using phenomenological analysis. Results: Five theme clusters emerged from the analysis using Colaizzi's method: frozen mind with rigid body; shame due to restrictions of physical function and dependency; struggle to go back to the previous normal body; disabilities that are noticeable in everyday family life; rebirth by discarding the obsessions of the past. These theme clusters illustrate that although most participants faced very strange and unbearable situations in most aspects of life after the injury, they were empowered finally by finding their hope and by giving new meanings to the current existence. Conclusion: This study provides deep understanding of women with spinal cord injuries who are relatively alienated from society. Based on the results of the study, health professionals could develop effective nursing interventions to improve quality of life of these women.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

Phytophthora capsici에서 원형질체를 형성, 재생 시키는데 관여하는 요인에 대해 조사연구하였다. 삼투압조절제로서 0.35 M $CaCl_2$가 첨가된 Novozym 234를 6-9시간 처리하면 균사체에서 원형질체가 양호하게 나출되었다. 24시간 배양한 어린 균사체에서 가장 많이 원형질체를 나출시킬 수 있었으며, 또한 Novozym 234의 농도가 진할수록 효과적으로 원형질체가 나출되었다. 원형질체를 재생시키는데는 0.4 M mannitol과 0.1 M $CaCl_2$를 혼합한 것이 삼투압 조절제이었다. 원형질체의 재생률은 모든 영양소가 첨가된 Henninger 합성배지에서 가장 높았다. 아미노산이나 ${\beta}-sitosterol$은 원형질체의 재생에 영향을 미쳐 두 영양소가 빠지면 원형질체의 재생이 억제되었다. 특히 아미노산 중 L-aspartic acid와 L-glutamic acid는 원형질체의 재생을 촉진시켰다. 그러나, 미량원소는 원형질체의 재생에 영향을 주지 않았다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.142-151
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• 2005

To predict the fatigue life of the Hub Bearing Unit(HBU), preload effect and initial axial clearance have to be considered. Various theory and equations for the HBU design used in the passenger car are well developed in many literatures. But most design hand book for bearings or bearing catalogues do not consider the initial axial clearance and preload effect. So there are limits and difficulties to use those data in actual bearing design. To consider the preload effect and initial axial clearance, complex elliptic integrals and nonlinear equations are involved. These equations are difficult to solve during the design process. In order to solve these problems effectively, a program is developed to solve these equations reliably and to help the designer in obtaining the performance data of the HBU such as load distribution, maximum contact stress and fatigue life. The preprocessor of the program helps users to prepare the input data through a dialog box and the post processor makes graphical presentation of the result. In this paper, theoretical and numerical background for the prediction of the fatigue life of the HBU is explained. A simple example is presented to show the usefulness of developed program.

• 공업화학
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.433-437
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 기능성 근적외선 흡수색소 및 광안정제로 사용되는 bis(dithiobenzil) 금속 화합물은 중간체인 benzoin 및 anisoin을 먼저 합성하고 이들을 전구체로 사용하여 합성하였다. 또한, bis(dithiobenzil) 금속 화합물의 광안정성 효과를 확인하기 위하여 전하발생재료인 squarylium을 합성하였다. 중간체 및 최종 생성물의 구조는 핵자기 공명 분석기와 적외선 분광기를 이용하여 확인하였고, 열적 특성은 시차열분석기 및 열중량분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 광학 특성과 광안정성 효과는 UV-Vis-NIR 분광기를 이용하여 측정 분석하였다. 합성한 bis(dithiobenzil) 금속 화합물은 근적외선 영역에서 우수한 흡광특성을 나타내었고, 치환기의 종류 및 위치에 따라 최대흡수파장이 이동하였다. 또한, squarylium에 bis(dithiobenzil) 금속 화합물을 첨가하면 squarylium의 광퇴색현상을 감소시켰다.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 단일 카메라로부터 주어진 영상을 실시간으로 장애물과 비장애물 영역으로 분류 한 후 VFH를 이용하여 안전한 경로를 선정하는 실시간 주행 시스템을 개발한다. 제안된 시스템은 배경 분류기, 점유 그리드맵 생성기와 VFH기반의 선정기로 구성된다. 배경 분류기는 입력된 $320{\times}240$ 영상의 색조와 명도 정보를 이용하여 실시간으로 배경파 장애물 영역을 분류한다. 점유 그리드맵 생성기는 이를 바탕으로 위험도에 따라 10개의 그레이 레벨을 가지는 $32{\times}24$의 점유 그리드맵을 생성한다. VFH를 이용하여 폴라 히스토그램을 작성한 후 밀도가 낮은 곳으로 주행 경로를 결정 한다. 제안된 기술의 효율성을 증명하기 위하여 다양한 형태의 장애물을 포함하는 실내 및 실외 환경에서 평가하였으며 센서 기반의 그 결과는 기존의 센서기반의 주행시스템과 비교 되었다. 그 결과 제안된 시스템은 88%의 정확도를 보였으며, 기존의 시스템보다 실시간으로 빠르고 안전한 주행을 수행할 수 있음이 증명되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2010

We reported previously that the administration of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRG-WE) protected the guinea pig testis against damage induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (a potent endocrine disruptor). We also found that crude saponin from ginseng was the active ingredient responsible for this protection. Here, we examined the biological role of KRG-WE in an animal model of age-induced dysfunction of spermatogenesis. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (six 2-month-old and eighteen 12-month-old) rats were used. The young and old control groups received only vehicle. The ginseng saponin (GS)- and KRG-WE-treated groups received GS (40 mg/kg body weight/day) and KRG-WE (200 mg/kg body weight/day), respectively, for 4 months. The number of cells, Sertoli cell index, Johnsen's score, and sex hormone levels decreased significantly with age. However, the administration of KRG-WE and GS markedly improved the number of germ cells, seminiferous tubular size, and Johnsen's score in the old rats. Ginseng produced a distinct testicular histological improvement in old rats. KRG-WE and GS elevated testosterone levels, while attenuating the aberrant increase in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels. Sperm kinematics evaluated by a computer-assisted sperm analyzer demonstrated improvement in the percentage of motile sperm, progressive sperm motility, and curvilinear velocity associated with sperm quality, supporting the beneficial role of red ginseng in senile spermatogenesis. Overall, the total water extract had a more potent effect than the corresponding saponin fraction. In conclusion, Korean red ginseng rejuvenated age-induced testicular dysfunction. Additionally, the total water extract was more potent than the corresponding saponin fraction.