• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1986

The content of sugar in human milk was almost twice as much as that in cow's milk. The content of ash in cow's milk was twice as much as that in human milk. Cow's milk had a greater proportion of sodium than human milk. the ratio of P/Ca in human milk was as much lower than that in cow's milk. Cow's milk had more Cu than human milk.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.185-191
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• 1998

Human milk and bovine milk in normal stage were fractionated four parts : whey, skimmilk membrane, and casein pellet. The specific activity (nmole / mim / mg protein) and distribution ratio(%) of suborganella marker enzymes in each separated milk fraction were determined. Especially, neutral $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, acid $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, NADH-cytochrome C reductase, and acid phosphatase were higher in human milk. However, both $Ca^{2+}$-ATPases were not detected in all fractions of bovine milk. On the other hand, 5'-nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in bovine milk were higher than in human milk. Most of the marker enzymes were highly distributed in cream fraction of either human milk or bovine milk, and their specific activities were high to 24 fold from 3 fold when compared with that of whole milk. These results suggest that marker enzymes in mammary epitherial cell are transfered into cream fraction by the membrane rearrangement, and different biochemical reaction between human and bovine exists for milk secretion in mammary gland.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2012

Human milk, which nourishes the early infants, is a source of bioactive components for the infant growth, development and commensal formulation as well. Human milk oligosaccharide is a group of complex and diverse glycans that is apparently not absorbed in human gastrointestinal tract. Although most mammalian milk contains oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides in human milk exhibit unique features in terms of their types, amounts, sizes, and functionalities. In addition to the prevention of infectious bacteria and the development of early immune system, human milk oligosaccharides are able to facilitate the healthy intestinal microbiota. Bifidobacterial intestinal microbiota appears to be established by the unilateral interaction between milk oligosaccharides, human intestinal activity and commensals. Digestibility, membrane transportation and catabolic activity by bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells, all of which are linked to the structural of human milk oligosaccharides, are crucial in determining intestinal microbiota.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 1970

The amino acid composition of human and cow's milk represents a standard of reference in infantnutrition. The amino acid compositions determined by automatic amino acid analyzer, Yanagimote Model LC-5. Protein in the human and cow's milk were found to be hydrolyzed to yield free amino acids. Qualitative data for free amino acids in the milk are as follows: 1) Amounts of acidic amino acids such as glutamic and aspartic acid in cow's milk were obserbed to be about 2 times compared with human milk and it is considered that the abundance in these amino acids may contribute significantly to the specific flavor of cow's milk. 2) It is much interesting that in the human milk the contents of sulfur-containing amino acids were high comparatively better than cow's milk; cystine was found to be 3 times ana methionine, 2 times. 3) In the human milk a high content of some essential amino acids such as threonine, isoleucine and leucine was demonstrated and a specific flavor sweet amino acids. 4) Large amounts of basic amino acid such as histidine was found to occur in human milk and arginine in cow's milk.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.51-55
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• 1986

The composition of human milk was compared with that of cow's milk. The contents of amino acids were analyzed by amino acid autoanalyzer. The content of glutamic acid in cow's milk was three times as much as that in human milk. The content of essential amino acid in human colostrum was twice as much as that in mature milk.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1985

인유, 조제 분유 및 시유의 트리글리세리드의 구조를 비교하기 위하여 트리글리세리드의 지방산 조성, 아실 탄소수 및 종을 박충 크로마토그래피 및 가스 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 분석하였다. 인유에서는 단쇄 지방산이 검출되지 않은 반면 조세 분유와 시유에서는 1% 미만의 수준들로 검출되었다. 인유에 비하여 조세 분유는 8 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0 등이 유의하게 높은 반면 10 : 0, 14 : 0 등의 지방산들은 유의하게 낮았다. 시유는 인유에 비하여 8 : 0, 10 : 0, 18 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0 등이 유의하게 높았고 12 : 0, 20 : 0 등이 유의하게 낮았다. $18 : 2{\omega}6$은 인유가 12.0%, 조제 분유가 15.0%로 서로 비슷한 반면 시유는 3.8%로 가장 낮았다. 탄소수 20개 이상의 ${\omega}6$계 및 ${\omega}3$계 장쇄 고도 불포화 지방산들은 인유에 비하여 조제 분유와 시유에서 유의하게 낮았다. 인유는 아실 탄소수 44-52, 조제 분유는 50-54, 시유는 36-40 을 가진 글리세드가 주종을 이루고 있었다. 조제 분유에서는 아실 탄소수 50과 52, 시유에서는 42만 제외하고 나머지의 탄소수들은 인유의 그것들과 모두 유의한 차이를 보였다. 조제 분유의 saturates 는 인유의 그것에 비하여 2 배 가량 높았을 뿐 기타 종에서는 모두 유의하게 낮았다. 시유에서도 dienes를 제외한 모든 종에서 조제 분유에서와 동일한 경향이 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Human milk is frequently the only food source for a newborn during the initial stage of life after birth. Milk provides not only the nutrients necessary for the infant's growth, but also ingredients that may enable the infant to thrive. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to be these beneficial ingredients for the health of infant. It has been reported that around 5 to 10 g unbound oligosaccharides and around 20 to over 130 different HMO are present in 1L of human milk. The suggested health mechanisms of HMO's roles in host defense are 1) blocking bacterial adhesions, 2) binding to a toxin receptor on the extracellular domain, and 3) postbiotic effect resulting from the increase of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Among the prebiotic oligosaccharides, mixtures of long chain fuetooligosaccharides (10%) and galactooligosaccharides (90%) in infant formula are demonstrated to increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli to the levels seen in human milk fed infants.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.33-36
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• 1985

인유, 조제 분유 및 시유의 인 지방질의 지방산 조성을 가스 크로마토그래피로 분석하여 비교하였다. 조제 분유는 인유에 비하여 8 : 0, 10 : 0, 18 : 0, 20 : 0, 22 : 0 등의 지방산들이 유의하게 높았다. 18 : $2{\omega}6$은 조제 분유가 인유에 비하여 2.3배나 많은 18% 수준을 유지하였다. 대체로 보아 ${\omega}9$계, ${\omega}6$계 및 ${\omega}3$계 대사산물들은 조제 분유가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 인유에 비하여 시유도 조제 분유와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Average intake of calcium among college students is below the recommended intake, and knowledge surrounding the attitudinal and behavioral factors that influence milk and dairy intake, a primary food source of calcium, is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate college students' attitudes and behaviors concerning milk and dairy consumption and their association with calcium intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Participants were 1,730 undergraduate students who completed an online survey (SurveyMonkey) as part of baseline data collection for a social marketing dairy campaign. The online survey assessed attitudes and behaviors concerning milk and dairy intake, and calcium intake. Questions about milk- and dairy-related attitudes and behaviors were grouped into 14 factors using factor analysis. Predictors of calcium intake were then evaluated. RESULTS: Median calcium intake across all participants was 928.6 mg/day, with males consuming higher calcium intakes than females (P < 0.001). Adjusted for gender, calcium intakes were most strongly (and positively) correlated with associating milk with specific eating occasions and availability (i.e., storing calcium-rich foods in one's dorm or apartment) (both P < 0.001). Other correlates of calcium intake included: positive-viewing milk as healthy (P = 0.039), having family members who drink milk) (P = 0.039), and taking calcium supplements (P = 0.056); and negative-parent rules concerning milk (P = 0.031) and viewing milk in dining halls negatively (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium intakes among college students enrolled in the current study was below the recommended dietary allowance of 1,000 mg/day, reinforcing the need for dietary interventions in this target population, especially females. Practitioners and researchers should consider the factors found here to impact calcium intake, particularly associating milk with specific eating occasions (e.g., milk with breakfast) and having calcium-rich foods available in the dorm room or apartment, as intervention strategies in future efforts aimed at promoting milk and dairy foods and beverages for improved calcium intake in college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1997

In order to investigate the body weight change and human milk intake of breast-fed infants, we examined thirty-three infants with test-weing method in Sokcho area during the first 5 months of lactation. The average birth weight of infants was 3300g. They grew 3300, 3805, 4676, 5878, 6786, 7403, and 8111g when they became 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months old. The is human milk intake was 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 796g/day during the lactatin. Human milk intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 1(p<0.05), 2(p<0.01), and 3(p<0.01) months of lactation. During lactatin, the number of feedings per day decrerased. The human milk intakes per feeding had increased from 54.4g at 0.5 months to 98.9g at 5 months of lactation The human milk intake on infants was not affected by gestational period and birth weight. From this survey, we found a difference between boys and girls in human milk intake.