• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.311-316
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• 2003

Endothelins secreted from keratinocytes are intrinsic mitogens and melanogens of human melanocytes in UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of antimelanogenic activity of bamboo extract, the effects of three ingredients of bamboo extract on endothelin 1 (ET-1)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization were investigated in cultured human melanocytes. ET-1 receptors in human melanocytes were characterized by using specific antagonist, and ET-1 was found to increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) by activating ET-B receptor. SM709 (1,2-O-diferulyl-glycerol), an ingredient of bamboo extract, inhibited ET-1-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, although another ingredients SM707 and SM708 had no effect on ET-1-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in human melanocytes. SM709 ($100{\mu}M$), however, did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by thapsigargin and caffeine, suggesting that SM709 has no effect on the $Ca^{2+}$ store in melanocytes. Furthermore, SM709 did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by LPA or ATP, known as G protein-mediated PLC activators like ET-1. Taken together, it is suggested that SM709 antagonizes ET-1-induced transmembrane signaling through ET-B receptor, which maybe a possible underlying mechanism of antimelanogenic activity of bamboo extract in human melanocytes.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2015

Melanosome, the pigment granule in melanocyte, determines the color of skin when it moves into the keratinocyte. Inhibition of melanosome transfer from melanocyte to keratinocyte results in skin depigmentation. Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is involved in signal transduction systems via cell membrane and increases the melasome transfer when it is activated by cleavage of their extracellular amino acid sequence by trypsin or by a peptide such as SLIGKV. Here, we showed that lobaric acid inhibited PAR-2 activation and affected the mobilization of $Ca2^+$. The uptake of fluorescent microspheres and isolated melanosomes from melan-a melanocytes to keratinocytes induced by SLIGKV were inhibited by lobaric acid. Also, confocal microscopy studies illustrated a decreased melanosome transfer to keratinocytes in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture system by lobaric acid. In addition, lobaric acid induced visible skin lightening effect in human skin tissue culture model, melanoderm$^{(R)}$. Our data suggest that lobaric acid could be an effective skin lightening agent that works via regulation of phagocytic activity of keratinocytes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic fermentation by comparing the skin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of non-fermented (ARE) and fermented (ARE-F) hot water extracts of Agastache rugosa leaves. ARE-F was obtained via ARE fermentation using Lactobacillus rhamnosus HK-9. In vitro, anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by analyzing the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. In vitro antiradical activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Attenuation of LPS-stimulated NO (p < 0.01), ROS (p < 0.001) and iNOS (p < 0.05) levels by ARE-F was significantly stronger than that by ARE in HaCaT keratinocytes. However, no differences were observed between the DPPH radical scavenging activities of ARE and ARE-F. ARE-F possesses enhanced skin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that probiotic bacterial fermentation can be considered an effective tool for augmenting some pharmacological properties of A. rugosa leaves. In brief, the skin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of A. rugosa leaf extract are augmented by the fermentation with L. rhamnosus HK-9, a probiotic bacterium.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2015

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a major cause of skin photoaging, and effective UV protecting agents are needed for the skin health and beauty. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of Bambusae caulis in Taeniam extract (BCTE) on UVB-induced cell death, oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) expression in cell-based assays. HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed to UVB in the presence of BCTE at different concentrations and resulting changes in cell viability and biochemical events were determined. The results showed that BCTE enhanced the viabilities of UVB-exposed cells, and attenuated apoptotic events such as cleavage of procaspase 3 to its active form, and the increase of Bax to Bcl-2 ratios. BCTE also attenuated the reactive oxygen generation and lipid peroxidation in cells exposed to UVB. Additionally, it attenuated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase stimulated by UVB. Conclusively, the present study demonstrated that BCTE pro tected skin cells from the UVB-induced cell death, oxidative stress and MMP1 expression, suggesting its potential use as a cosmetic ingredient mitigating some features of the skin photoaging.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2023

Objectives: Betula Platyphylla(BP) has been used as a analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant drug in Eastern Asia. However, it is still unknown whether BP ethanol extract could exhibit the inhibitory activities against ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced skin injury on human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. This study was aimed to investigate the protective activity of BP ethanol extract on UVB-irradiated skin injury in HaCaT cells. Methods: The skin injury model of HaCaT cells was established under UVB stimulation. HaCaT keratinocyte cells were pre-treated with BP ethanol extract for 1 h, and then stimulated with UVB. Then, the cells were harvested to measure the cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin(IL) 1-beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-𝛼, hyaluronidase, type 1 collagen, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)s. In addition, we examined the mitogen activated protein kinases(MAPKs) and inhibitory kappa B alpha(I𝜅;-B𝛼) as inhibitory mechanisms of BP ethanol extract. Results: The treatment of BP ethanol extract inhibited the UVBinduced cell death and ROS production in HaCaT cells. BP ethanol extract treatment inhibited the UVB-induced increase of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-𝛼. BP ethanol extract treatment inhibited the increase of hyaluronidase, MMP and decrease of collagen. BP ethanol extract treatment inhibited the activation of MAPKs and the degradation of I𝜅-B𝛼. Conclusions: Our result suggest that treatment of BP ethanol extract could inhibit the UVB-induced skin injury via deactivation of MAPKs and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-𝜅B) in HaCaT cells. This study could suggest that BP ethanol extract could be a beneficial agent to prevent skin damage or inflammation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

Particulate matters with a diameter of < $10{\mu}m$ (PM10) exert oxidative stress and inflammatory events in various organs. The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by PM10 in the human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs). When cultured HEKs were exposed to PM10, ROS production was induced and it was inhibited by apocynin, an antioxidant. The mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) family was analyzed in order to examine their role in PM10-induced ROS production. PM10 increased the mRNA expression of NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX) 1 and DUOX2. HEKs expressed DUOX1 and DUOX2 at higher levels compared to other NOXs. The mRNA expression of dual oxidase maturation factors, DUOXA1 and DUOXA2, was also increased by PM10. We examined whether these calcium-dependent enzymes, DUOX1 and DUOX2, mediate the PM10-induced ROS production. A selective intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, attenuated ROS production induced by PM10 or calcium ionophore A23187. The small intereference RNA (siRNA)-mediated down-regulation of DUOX2, but not DUOX1, attenuated the ROS production induced by PM10. PM10 increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8 and interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$. SiRNA-mediated down-regulation of DUOX2 suppressed the PM10-induced expression of $IFN-{\gamma}$ but not other cytokines. This study suggests that DUOX2 plays a crucial role in ROS production and inflammatory response in PM10-exposed keratinocytes.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2001

A cell-based assay system for monitoring NF-$textsc{k}$B activity was developed to determine the influence of activated NF-$textsc{k}$B in human HaCaT cells. The pNF-$textsc{k}$B-SEAP-NPT plasmid that permits expression of the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reported gene in response to the NF-$textsc{k}$B activity and contains neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) gene for the geneticin resistance in host cells was constructed and transfected into human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Human HaCaT transfectant cells secreted the SEAP enzyme into the culture medium in a time-dependent manner until 72h. NF-$textsc{k}$B activities were measured in the SEAP reporter gene assay using a fluorescent detection method. The treatment of HaCaT cell transfectants with known antioxidants [e.g., N-acetyl-L-cysteine and vitamin C] showed inhibition of NF-$textsc{k}$B activity in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) known as a stimulator of NF-$textsc{k}$B expression demonstrated that it increased NF-$textsc{k}$B activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This assay system could be used to determine the quantitative measurement of NF-$textsc{k}$B activity in the human skin and allow the screening of anti-inflammatory agents from various synthetic chemicals and natural products for dermatological purpose. Abbrevitions used: NF-$textsc{k}$B, nuclear factor kappa B; I-$textsc{k}$B, Inhibitory kappa B; SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase; NPT, neomycin phosphotransferease; PCR, polymerase chain reaction: dNTP, deoxynucleoside triphosphates; DMEM, dulbecco’s modified eagle medium; FBS, fetal bovine serum; PBs, phosphate-buffered saline; MUP, 4-methylumbellifery phosphate; NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2013

In this study, to develop a new anti-aging agent, we will examine the antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effects of the mosidae for the MMP-1 activities in UVB-irradiated HS68 human foreskin fibroblast cell lines and human keratinocytes (Ha- CaT cell line). And the consomme soup being prepared with mosidae according to different levels (3, 6, 9, 12%) and then quality characteristics will be determined by sensory evaluations and color values. It is also observed that the mosidae has the inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1 activities. The consomme soup prepared with mosidae is found to reduce the level of $IC_{50}$ in SOD-like activities and hydroxy radical scavenging activities, respectively. And consomme soup prepared with mosidae (CS6) is the best by sensory evaluations. In conclusion, these results suggest that the consomme soup prepared with mosidae can be further developed as new anti-aging food.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.390.3-391
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• 2002

Nuclear-kappa B(NF-$\kappa$B) plays a role in the regulation of genes responsible for inflammatory and immune responses as well as growth control of cells. A cell-based assay system for guiding NF-KB activity was developed to determine the influence of activated NF-KB in human keratinocytes. It suggested that this system could be used to determine the quantitative measurement of NF-$\kappa$B activity in the human skin and allow the monitoring of anti-inflammatory agent for dermatological means from various environmental stimuli. (omitted)

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.14-28
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• 2007

Objective : Hwagi-Jokyeong-Tang (化氣調經湯, HJT) was described in DongeuiBogam(東醫寶鑑). This remedy has been used to treat patients with Naryeok, which is similar as tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis in western medicine. Methods : In this study, the present author investigated the effects of HJT on on Human HaCaT keratinocyte and malignant melanoma cells such as SK-MEL-2 and B16F10 in terms of cell viabilities, proliferations, DPPH free radical scavenging activities, oxygen free radical productions and inhibitory action on elastase activities. Results : HJT acceleated proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes dose-dependantly. HJT also prevented cell death of HaCaT induced by Hydrogen peroxide, which products oxygen free radicals. On the contrary, HJT did not affect proliferations of SK-MEL-2 or B16F10. In addition, HJT was shown to have DPPH free radical scavenging activities and also have inhibitory effects on elastase activities too. On the fluorescent examinations, the present author know that HJT did not affect production levels of oxygen free radicals in malignant melanoma cell, SK-MEL-2. Conclusions : These results suggest that HJT has possibilities of usage for functional cosmetics which have skin regeneration or prevention from skin tissue injury.